Change at DuPont Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Change at DuPont - Research Paper Example rooted in observation of the best at present, logically describing future ideals, decision making through collaboration, dialogue, and experimentation for proof. Sense making, on the other hand, utilizes meta-theoretical assumptions analytically to arrive at a workable theory. As a change manager, I would analyze the assumptions from sense making to arrive at a substantive theory that is both logical and effective. Further, I would put this theory to the test to appreciate its attributes from observation and experimentation. Finally, with all the facts, I would invoke a practitioner-driven system of arriving at an intervention that facilitates change. This would prove effective; especially when all the due steps are in place. At the wake of the closure of Orlon plant, I would first halt the process of stopping one project to aid the other. Such rush decisions hurt in the long run. Instead, I would introduce the existing management to new ideas that would aid in the healing process. In this way, the focus could shift from improving the effectiveness of the organization to the plant itself. Further, I would try ensuring that there is a definite mechanism of monitoring and developing the strengths of the plant, call on staff to appreciate the strengths and aid in their development. In addition, motivating the people would go a long way in improving their attitude, productivity and offloading the pressure that comes with

Anonymity and Loss of Self in Crowd Theory

Anonymity and Loss of Self in Crowd Theory Phillip Tyler In locating and explaining the place of anonymity in the behaviour of crowds, and its association with a loss of self (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012), an appeal must be made to crowd behavioral theory and evidence to support these theories. This paper will look to the history of the study of crowds, the process of de-individuation and the theory of crowds based on a theory of social identity to provide a picture of the place of anonymity in crowd theory, and the association with loss of self. The first instance of anonymity being a quality significant to crowd behaviour, can be found in the work of Le Bon. Le Bon laid foundations for the psychological study of crowds with his 1895 text La Psychologie Des Foules, in which he described crowds in generally negative and unfavourable ways. He remarked on their tendency towards impulsive behaviours, to become easily irritated and their seeming inability to use reason to decide action (Le Bon, 1896). This last quality was among the most important for Le Bon, as he believed that the crowd lost any individuals rationality and, therefore, could not be rational in itself. Instead, there existed a group mind that the individual became a part of, and this experience brought to the fore deeply hidden tendencies for aggression, leading to similarly aggressive actions, all of which was made possible by the removal of the rationality of thinking actions through to their consequences. The crowd was highly open to emotional and ideological suggestion, with sentiment able to move through the crowd swiftly as if such things were contagious (Dixon and Mahen dra, 2012). All this was made possible by the key feature of anonymity. Actions could be performed without thought for consequence because it was the crowd, and not the individual, performing the action; the individual remains unseen or anonymous, and hence defers responsibility for said action from them personally, to the crowd. For Le Bon, anonymity and loss of individual self were clearly and strongly associated, as when becoming part of the group the individual gave up their individuality. Le Bons work was based largely on distanced observation and his work was unsupported by evidence as would be required by modern psychology. He also had little experience of being in a crowd himself, this coupled with his belonging to a higher social class, could have led to his negative outlook on crowds. Though, it is mostly the lack of evidence that makes Le Bons case for anonymity less convincing, his was a stepping stone for other theorists and researchers to take the quality of anonymity on to sturdier ground. Anonymity was defined more clearly by Festinger, Pepitone and Newcome in 1952 as a reduction in the individuals perceptions that they are, personally, being noticed and evaluated for responsibility for actions performed (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012). This sense of anonymity was key to their theory that claimed that this reduced perception allowed an individual to stop seeing themselves as singular, but more immersed in the group, which then led to a group or crowd being able to be more uninhibited and impulsive than any one individual, a process they called deindividuation. This theory replaced Le Bons and was able to be formalised for the gathering of evidence by stating requirements for deindividuation to occur, measuring psychological changes in people in the deindividuated state and observing changes in behaviours. The association with loss of self can also be seen here, as the individual stops seeing themselves as singularly responsible, and part of something larger. Zimbardo (1969) put forward that the individual feels less morally culpable for any harm the group may cause. It is for this reason that each member of the group feels less responsible for the actions of the group as a whole that more violent and aggressive behaviour is sometimes exhibited (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012). Zimbardo found that participants in a scenario where some wore masks and cloaks to hide their appearance, gave higher electric shocks to other participants, than those with their appearances un-masked (Zimbardo, 1969). Robert Watson (1973) found that those involved in violent clashes with other groups, who had first altered their appearance with masks or paint, perpetrated more acts of heightened and prolonged violence than those that did not. Some research seeks to take measurements other than violence or aggression as a measure of the effects of anonymity. Participants in a darkened room took to feeling more intimate towards one another other as was evidenced by their conversation, touching and feelings of sexual arousal (Gergen, Gergen and Barton, 1973), over participants in a non-darkened condition. This experiment shows that aggression isnt the only possible outcome of anonymity, and may not be an inevitable one. The anonymity provided by the darkness allowed for curiosity to develop, producing the conversation of a more serious and intimate nature than the other condition produced, allowing for the possibility that its the context of the crowd plus anonymity, rather than anonymity on its own, that influences crowd behaviour (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012). When general social rules are not applicable, such as meeting strangers in the dark, curiosity rather than aggression was the response. This may still represent a loss of self, though not a negatively focused, aggressive or violent one. The loss of self in this example could be seen a s a dropping of usual personal inhibitions, then cued by the context of the crowd to pursue personal conversation rather than the violence seen in the previous examples. If violence is the measurement taken by the experiment, then that feature is present in the crowd context and taken up by deinvididuated participants, when this is not the case, participants are not naturally violent. When masked and told to administer electric shocks to participants, those dressed as Ku Klux Klan members did so with marginally more intensity than those in unmasked Ku Klux Klan costumes. Though, those dressed in nurses uniformed did so significantly less, when masked, compared to unmasked nurses, and both KKK groups (Johnson and Downing, 1979). This suggests, quite strongly that there is a loss of self that comes with anonymity, but that the contextual cues taken by participants , for example, from being dressed as part of a group whos associated qualities involved caring and compassion, are significantly important. If anonymity and a mask produced more violent behaviour in KKK costumes than unmasked, it does follow that there is to be an increase in caring and compassion from those dressed as nurses, in the masked versus the unmasked condition, because the participant relies on the qualities of the group they are associated with, and its these qualities that become exaggerated. T his may be a loss of self through anonymity, but in becoming part of the group, the groups social identity cues become guides for behaviour. An alternate view to the way deindividuation theory looks at crowd behaviour is to say rather than becoming part of a group mind, or losing ones rationality to the crowd through anonymity, crowds are made up of people with similar, if broader, social identities, and that these identities are exaggerated, or brought to the fore, by being a member of this group. Football matches are a good example. People who may have nothing else in common, but support the same football team, for example, may act in unison as a group when at a football game, as the contextual cues bring these in-group qualities to the fore. Anonymous in a crowd in a football stadium and identifying with the social context, rather than losing ones self, crowd members act according to their social identity. It is this social identity that provides guidelines for behaviour, rather than being the cause of breakdown of all social rules, leading to violent or aggressive behaviour (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012). Motivated by the context to act in ways approved by in-group values and to demonstrate in-group membership, behaviour can sometimes be predicted more accurately because the individuals desire to remain as part of the in-group means they tend to adhere more to in-group behavioural norms. Adhering close to ones social identity, when in a social setting, does not necessarily represent a loss of self, as the qualitie s being displayed are part of the individual as a whole, it is simply the context they are in that bring them to the fore. When viewed from an outsiders point of view, crowd behaviour seems to include an inevitable loss of self, stemming from the individuals experience of anonymity that leads to aggression and violent tendencies in behaviour. When violence is not the measurement taken, other outcomes are shown that include intimacy and conversation. The view of social identity theory is that individuals in crowds do not necessarily experience a loss of self, rather it is that social identity informs behaviour and in-group values and behavioural norms are more likely to influence behaviour of the group than individual identity. References Dixon, J., and Mahendra, K. (2012) Crowds in Holloway, W., Lucey, H., Phoenix, A. and Lewis, G. (eds) Social Psychology Matters, Milton Keynes, The Open University. Festinger, L., Peptone, A. and Newcome, T. (1952) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p6. Gergen, K., Gergen, M. and Barton, W. (1973) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p10. Johnson, R. D. and Downing, L. L. (1979) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p8. Le Bon, G. (1896), as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p5. Watson, R. I. (1973) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p8. Zimbardo, P. G. (1969) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p6-7.

Abortion - More Questions than Answers :: abortion argumentative persuasive argument

Abortion - More Questions than Answers      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is abortion?   Is it the killing of a defense less child or is it the freedom of a woman.   In the case of the latter, it is easy to see how abortion can be very beneficial for the mother.   Perhaps she is a teenager who is too young and too scared for such an awesome responsi bility or perhaps she simply does not have the resources for or want another child.   The situation becomes more complicated when the father of the fetus wants the baby.   Does the father, whose very DNA was transferred to the fetus, have any right to determine whether the mother receives an abortion or is the decision totally that of the mother, who must endure the nine month pregnancy and the birthing process as well as any lingering physical or psychological effects.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even if abortion is considered the killing of a defenseless child, serious and difficult questions cannot be avoided.   Certainly, it is illegal and immoral to kill a week old baby; but can the same be said of the termina tion of a week old fetus?   When does a fetus become a life entitled to the same protection as a newborn baby or when is it too late to end a pregnancy?   Some would say at any point before birth; however, a fetus can be viable and live outside its mother's womb quite some time before its natural birth otherwise would occur.   Is that the point at which abortion is inappropriate and, thus, illegal as well as immoral?   While there are those who would answer in the affirmative, many would argue that a life entitled to protection began at the time of concep tion, the entry of a sperm cell into the egg.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any event, abortion must be viewed as an issue with many angles.   If a person is pro-life, is he or she opposed to abortion altogether, is there a

Much ado about nothing presentation of women in the play

In the play the way the characters Interact with each other Is somewhat dependent on class, however largely dependent on gender. A general theme in the play is that the male characters often see the women as deceivers â€Å"trust none† and almost expect them to cheat, resulting in many a Joke based on becoming a cuckold. The plot, women being slandered by mischief-makers whose lover or husband is led to believe she has been unfaithful to him can give us an idea of Shakespearean view (someone who lived In a society where women were submissive to men) as he uses a similar plot again in three more plays including Othello.In Shakespearean comedy there is always confusion, in this case with many mistakes, but ends with it being put back together again (at a wedding) reinforcing that a stereotypical man should have a woman at his side. When looking at the presentation of women in the play, the two significant female characters: Beatrice and Hero, appear to be on the opposite side of the stereotypical spectrum. Beatrice, possibly the most intriguing character in the whole play, speaks and behaves with more than usual freedom.She Is unique as she not only possess a brain, but delights in the use of it, presenting a challenge to all the ale characters. She behaves far from the typical Elizabethan woman emphasized in ACTA scenes where in response to Elongates wish for Beatrice to get married she proclaims she will not be fitted with a husband â€Å"till god make men of some other mettle than earth. † In complete contrast, Hero does not take Beatrice advice to wait and â€Å"let him be a handsome fellow,† she Is completely submissive to her father and doesn't even get to respond In the play.As the reader can see, marriage Is a central part of the play and the way the character's approach marriage can give us a real insight into the presentation of women. I have already mentioned Beatrice talks about being â€Å"fitted† with a husband, this is a notion which suggests that in the play marriage was seen as the woman giving herself to the man. When Beatrice professes her love for Benedict he says that he will â€Å"stop her mouth† with a kiss, showing a man expects to almost â€Å"tame† a woman and she Is expected to be submissive to him.The idea of a woman being completely submissive to their husband Is presented when Hero and Ursula describe Beatrice â€Å"wild spirits† to be â€Å"caught† for Benedict. This suggests that she is now at Benedicts disposal and has almost become his pet. Despite Beatrice reversal in her views on marriage, she had to be tamed to conform to society. Hero however, who is depicted as the model women in the play, is quite happy to marry Claudio despite being â€Å"wooed† by Don Pedro.This presents the socially accepted women as people who are almost thankful to be noticed by men and are quite happy to agree to any proposal they might have. The contrast between Her o and Beatrice highlights the effect of a dominant male in Elizabethan society. Hero has to conform to her father who insists she get married. However, Beatrice does not have a father present in Messing at the time and therefore is not under pressure to marry a man leaving it up to her own discretion.This highlights how women are presented as the object which fathers use to Increase the social standing fact all men that see women as objects. Claudio uses the metaphor â€Å"rotten orange† to describe Hero. In today's society one would expect the orange would represent her beauty on the outside and the sweetness of her character on the inside. However, as she was described as rotten, the inside of the orange for Claudio represented Hero's chastity. This suggests that the most important thing for a man was a woman's beauty and chastity not her character, reinforcing the presentation of women as objects.As does the fact that Don Pedro â€Å"wooed† Hero and then after winni ng Hero over passed her over to Claudio as if it did not matter that she has been tricked. Women as deceivers— Margaret Links to not having a father Links to cuckolding , perhaps showing us how it was an accepted thing for women to be almost controlled by their father and even for them to dictate to whom a women would get married to (as if the father uses their daughter of a way of increasing the social tanning of their family name).This is slightly ironic as later in the play Beatrice herself is said to be â€Å"caught† for Benedict by Hero and Ursula after they compared her spirit to a â€Å"haggard of the rock† and she decides to bind their love in a â€Å"holy band,† both the catching of an animal and a band suggests that the marriage may be restrictive and she will be â€Å"tamed† and domesticated by Benedict as Hero is by her father.Beatrice reversal stems from over hearing a conversation where she finds out that her wit seems not to be appre ciated â€Å"mock me into air. † She is forced to liaise that it is not the way other women think she should behave and it doesn't gain her popularity â€Å"no glory lives behind the back of such† for behaving in this manner.The tone â€Å"taming my wild heart† in which she speaks in what may be called her speech of reversal suggests that she understands this is the right way for a women to live her life and the very fact that she is thinking about marriage â€Å"holy band† even before it is confirmed that Benedict is actually in love with her suggests that for women in the play/at that time it was their ultimate goal to get married and all the dottiness about remaining a bachelor was a mask to cover up their true feelings hence the relief she feels when she finds out Benedicts love and possibly explains why their exchange at the masked ball was so fiery and aggressive, to cover (as a mask does) up their underlying love and wish to be married like society (Leona and Antonio) suggests. Despite previously saying that one could burn him at the â€Å"stake† and his views would remain, Benedict quickly changes heart to, â€Å"the world must be peopled. However, Benedicts speech is written in prose and is very matter of fact â€Å"l will be horribly in love with her. Unlike Beatrice where it is more romantic, showing how women are presented to be slightly softer romantics but it is the men â€Å"if I do not take pity on her I am a villain† who are expected to take in the woman. Throughout the play we also get a sense that the men see the women as deceivers â€Å"l will not do them the wrong to mistrust any, I will do myself the right to trust none† and almost expect them to cheat, shown by the fact that instead of a cuckold being a suggesting that it is somewhat a certainty that a wife will be unfaithful.When the bastard Don John, who is a self-professed â€Å"plain-dealing villain† slanders Hero, they re ver y quick to come up with the plan to disgrace her in front of the whole congregation, not try and speak with her and find out whether the allegations even have substance. The fact that Don Pedro and even Claudio (who was going to marry Hero) almost immediately believes in Don John (someone who admitted â€Å"you may think I love you not†) and even starts planning his revenge (possibly showing how the most important factor for a man was a woman's chastity due to the extreme nature of his revenge) on Hero shows that although it was a surprise it wasn't something which shocked the men and by agreeing to go to the window in the evening gives us he impression that they are expecting the evening to confirm what they have Just been told.The fact that the Claudio is so quick to entertain the idea that Hero has been unfaithful (foreshadowed in the party scene,) and men are so worried about becoming a cuckold could stem from marriages not possibly meaning as much in comparison to what t hey mean today. After all, it was Don Pedro that actually â€Å"wooed† Hero. This links to the fact that although the men often see the women as deceivers, the women (in this case Hero) seem to have to put up with the fact that Hero was manipulated by two men. Although, Hero seemed to be happy about the whole thing (or had to be under the influence of her father) again further suggesting that it was a women's goal to get married and it didn't particularly matter who it was to, Don Pedro or indeed Claudio.This suggests that it was somewhat a career option for a women hence why they may appear to become domesticated and this could also link to why men are so worried about being cuckolded because the pair decided to get married quickly â€Å"marry her tonight† without actually knowing each other really well. Claudio describes Hero as â€Å"a Jewel,† something which looks wonderful and is radar to find, by using a metaphor and describing her in this why suggests tha t Claudio may see Hero as an object to admire and possess, rather than someone to love. The fact that when he is denouncing her at the wedding he describes her as a â€Å"rotten orange,† you may think that an orange would be used to describe her beauty on the outside and her sweetness on the inside although actually the inside refers to her chastity once again showing us that looks and chastity are, in the eyes of men, more important than personality.Although, in response to how quick Claudio lives in the allegations, another interpretation may be that Shakespeare made his characters worried about others â€Å"the prince woes for himself† deceiving or betraying them no matter what gender and are Just generally susceptible to being caught out by a mischief maker shown when Don John manages to convince Claudio that he has heard Don Pedro â€Å"swear his affection† for Hero, this is a method Shakespeare used for comedic purposes. During the play it becomes apparent that a man places a great deal of importance on a woman's Chastity. Leona berates â€Å"do not pop thin eyes† Hero to the very point where he wishes her dead and wishes that she as not from his blood so he could say â€Å"no part of it is mine. † The metaphor where he says she has fallen into a â€Å"pit of ink† and there isn't enough drops of water in the sea to clean her emphasis that it is the highest of almost all offences.However, when the full story transpired and it became clear that it was in fact Margaret who and therefore different rules were applied for a different class of woman, suggesting that Chastity was a must in an upper class woman yet for men and woman of the lower classes it was more acceptable to entertain someone before marriage if they even get married at all. Although, the fact that Broacher, the very person that deceived the princes is the person that proves Margaret was not aware of the plot shows that even a lowly male servant, who h as committed a terrible crime still has the status in society to prove that Margaret was innocent. In the play it is not even mentioned that Margaret is at the wedding. As she does not speak up, it is either clear that she was not present or simply she would not be believed due to her gender and social standing.However, in Kenneth Branch film Margaret was present and the actor interpreted her face to look horrified, perhaps for Hero but also maybe suggesting that even a woman of lower class would find it horrific for her actions to come out in front of all the people present. Conclusion – modern interpretation better but still gender gap. Coalescence OF MARGE-RAT AND URSULA?class Leona- dogberry CONCLUSION– One of the most interesting ideas in the play is that the traditional couple are perhaps not really in love, but the odd couple are. –Beatrice most horrible line in play I. E market place The fact that a woman says it may show that actually woman are not much different to men who go off and fight a war it is Just society that stops them from doing it

Progressive Era

The Progressive Era reformers and the fedreal government were effective in bringing about reform at the national level by proof of amnedments passed, the food and drug administration, and various acts. One way that the progressives and federal government reformed America is by the four amendments; 16, 17, 18, and 19. The seventeenth amendment in 1913 provided for the direct election of senatros which was a victory for Roosevelt and pregressives. Another amendment passed during the Progressive Era was the abolition of alchohol, which is insignifigant in reform at the national level because it was later repealed. Finally, there was the nineteenth amendment whih allowed women's suffrage due to the progressive feminist movement. These different amendments were all ways in which the federal government helped reform America nationally. Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle, enlightened the American punlic of the horrors of the meatpacking industry. Consequently, the Meat Inspection Act of 1906, was passed making meat shipped over state lines subject to inspection. Thus the food and drug administration was a result of the Progressive movement as well. Some of the various acts that were passed that met the pregressive standards are the Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 which legalizes strikes and peaceful picketing; the Workingmen's Compensation Act and another act restricting child labor on products headed into interstate commerce; the Adamson Act which established an 8-hour workday; the La Follete Seamens's Act which required decent living wages for sailors, and a few other acts. Jane Addam's book, The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets, exhibits some of the pregressive feelings towards child labor and the evil of it. In conclusion, the federal government and the progressive Era were very effective in shaping and reforming America by these examples. Progressive Era The role and responsibilities of the federal government changed drastically during the Progressive Era and the New Deal. Rapid changes after the Civil War brought on a need for economic, social and political reforms. Before the Progressive Era and the New Deal, the federal government took a very hands-off approach and had little involvement in, and little care for the welfare of the American people. With the Progressive Era and the New Deal, the federal government became more involved and responsive to the public and implemented many revisions and reforms.The Progressive Era was a time of political and economic transformation. The role and responsibilities of the federal government evolved. Reform was necessary because of the changes that occurred during the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought on many changes, an important one being growth in the number and scope of work in factories. Factories and mechanization caused a need for less skilled workers, which in tu rn resulted in lower labor costs, lower wages, longer hours and appalling working conditions.Labor Unions were formed as a result of these conditions in order to protect the working class and put pressure on employers. During the Progressive Era, the federal government created labor laws, trade regulations and instituted other various measures in order to protect the public. The federal government also protected the rights of laborers to organize unions and became involved in the mediation of labor disputes in order to prevent riots from occurring. The regulation of utilities and railroads was used to protect the public welfare from the abuses of large corporations.The federal government also began to regulate large businesses and monopolies. It accepted large-scale corporations as an essential part of the economy but also embraced the need to regulate them. Trusts were also of great concern to the federal government. The Federal Trade Commission was instituted in order to protect t he public from additional abuses of large corporations. The federal government also promoted the public’s support of the war. Through voluntary and collaborative means, the federal government rallied businesses and the public in support of the war effort.The federal government made political changes on a national level with the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Amendments. The Sixteenth Amendment imposed an income tax. The Seventeenth Amendment allowed for the direct election of U. S. Senators. The Eighteenth Amendment established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages and the Nineteenth Amendment prohibited any U. S. citizen from being denied the right to vote based on sex. During the Progressive Era, social reform and cultural changes also occurred. Consumerism was at an all time high.It became a time of economic prosperity. With the introduction of electricity came household appliances. Movies, automobiles, radios, telephones, magazines, and advertising wer e in the forefront. While consumption prompted the economy in a forward direction, other economic issues arose throughout the country. Agriculture and mining were not prospering. The steel and textile industries were standing idly. The nation also relied too heavily on credit in order to maintain product demand and economic expansion. Lastly, consumer onfidence led to over-speculation in stocks. This inevitably led to the Stock Market Crash of 1929, which in turn marked the beginning of the Great Depression. Franklin Delano Roosevelt came into office in 1933 during the depth of the Great Depression. He launched the New Deal as a solution for bringing the United States out of the Great Depression. The New Deal changed the role of the government by expanding its involvement in social and economic affairs. The goal of the New Deal was to provide the â€Å"3 R’s†: relief, recovery and reform.The federal government worked to provide relief for the masses of unemployed, reco very of the depressed economy and reform of the financial system. Reforms were highlighted in a variety of acts that were passed. During the first 100 days of Roosevelt’s administration, more legislation was passed than under any previous president. The Federal Emergency Relief Act established funding and programs for relief and provided grants to the states to help people with food and shelter. The Civilian Conservation Corps Act granted the government the ability to pay young men to build bridges, roads and dams and plant 17 million dollars in new forests.The Agricultural Adjustment Act paid farmers not to plant crops so that the surpluses would not drive down prices. The National Industrial Recovery Act created the first minimum wage and marked the first time that the government intervened in business. The Works Projects Administration allowed the government to create over 250,000 projects and paid people to complete them. The Social Security Act created a pension for peop le over 65 years of age. All of these reform programs provided employment and direct payments to individuals and improved the economy.The federal government worked diligently to bring the United States out of the Great Depression during the New Deal and in doing so, the relationship between the government and the people changed significantly. The government took on a greater role in the everyday lives of people. As you can see, the role and responsibilities of the federal government changed considerably during the Progressive Era and the New Deal. The new hands-on approach of the government allowed for political, social and economic reforms during the 20th century. Progressive Era The Progressive Era reformers and the fedreal government were effective in bringing about reform at the national level by proof of amnedments passed, the food and drug administration, and various acts. One way that the progressives and federal government reformed America is by the four amendments; 16, 17, 18, and 19. The seventeenth amendment in 1913 provided for the direct election of senatros which was a victory for Roosevelt and pregressives. Another amendment passed during the Progressive Era was the abolition of alchohol, which is insignifigant in reform at the national level because it was later repealed. Finally, there was the nineteenth amendment whih allowed women's suffrage due to the progressive feminist movement. These different amendments were all ways in which the federal government helped reform America nationally. Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle, enlightened the American punlic of the horrors of the meatpacking industry. Consequently, the Meat Inspection Act of 1906, was passed making meat shipped over state lines subject to inspection. Thus the food and drug administration was a result of the Progressive movement as well. Some of the various acts that were passed that met the pregressive standards are the Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 which legalizes strikes and peaceful picketing; the Workingmen's Compensation Act and another act restricting child labor on products headed into interstate commerce; the Adamson Act which established an 8-hour workday; the La Follete Seamens's Act which required decent living wages for sailors, and a few other acts. Jane Addam's book, The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets, exhibits some of the pregressive feelings towards child labor and the evil of it. In conclusion, the federal government and the progressive Era were very effective in shaping and reforming America by these examples.