Possible disadvantages of exercising too much Free Essays

(1)Excessive exercise can expand defenselessness to malady and medical issues. Competitors of shifting ages who participate in long advertisement demanding preparing programs are more in danger from medical issues than the individuals who do direct exercise. This has been found by taking a gander at the quantity of school young men who reached pneumonia after a time of exceptional games preparing contrasted with other people who just took an interest decently and furthermore the occurrence of Upper respiratory tract diseases in competitors who partook in a long distance race contrasted with a gathering who had a similar preparing however didn't participate in the long distance race. We will compose a custom exposition test on Potential weaknesses of practicing excessively or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Anyway it isn't resolved if this is a causal relationship of if another variable assumes a job, a clarification for this could be the nearby experiences competitors have with one another at games which could prompt the spread of microscopic organisms considerably more effectively and furthermore the pressure of physical movement could be causing ailment. Invulnerable framework part Moderate Exercise Extraordinary Exercise Phagocytic White platelets Expanded White platelet count giving insusceptibility help as a detriment to organisms Concealment of the invulnerable framework under pressure and conceivable fiery reaction in muscle tissue decreasing other vague reactions B-cells and T-cells Ordinary Functioning Diminished partner T-cells action prompting decreased counter acting agent tally Initiated T-cells Ordinary Functioning Cytotoxic cell movement lessens Harm to Skeletal System Exorbitant exercise can make harm the body since parts are abused or put under incredible tension, there are two kinds of injury, awful and over-use, horrendous wounds include a solitary effect, for example, rugby and abuse wounds are like tedious strain wounds. There are 4 primary wounds that over exercise can cause on the skeletal framework. * (2)Fractures: A crack happens when an excessive amount of pressure is put on a bone and happens when an excess of weight is applied on the bone or there is a monotonous effect. * Bone Spurs: If you get a bone physical issue and don’t get it appropriately rewarded it can bring about a bone prods. This is caused when the bone attempts to fix and calcifies the region around it. This is normal in zones where huge effects are regular, for example, the feet or Tibia * Back Pain: Most back torment is identified with abused muscles yet it can likewise be brought about by slippage of spines while lifting loads * Arthritis: When an excessive amount of pressure is put on joints in routine exercise and the weight they convey is beyond what they can deal with joint inflammation can happen. Aside from breaks these issues are long haul and regularly don’t have any modest fix requiring painkillers. (3)Lesser Problems Different issues can incorporate an expanded pace of dietary problem including Bulimia due to over fixation of self-perception. This can prompt unreasonable high-impact practicing which prompts the loss of both fat and muscle weight. The presence of not loosing weight as your muscle thickness increments can cause increasingly unreasonable working out. Step by step instructions to refer to Possible impediments of practicing excessively, Papers

CASE STUDY- DIABETICS Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

- DIABETICS - Case Study Example obscured vision, he additionally regularly experiences difficulty doing his every day exercises like prepping, getting to and from the solace room, perusing, composing, sitting in front of the TV, riding the web, working, and driving. His successive sentiments of thirst additionally expect him to approach drinking water consistently, which in his work as a craftsman isn't generally conceivable. In addition, his regular need to pee additionally meddles with his day by day exercises making him as often as possible take washroom breaks and to be almost a can consistently. His ongoing physical issue has additionally made him limit his social exercises and his investment in the network and other work exercises on the grounds that the aggravation on his arm is a lot of evident and he feels humiliated by it. An intercession I can apply to this patient to improve and advance his degree of working is to show the patient to deal with his diabetic retinopathy which is causing his visual impedance. The prescribed administration is decrease the blood glucose levels so as to forestall the movement of the retinopathy (Rodrigues, 2012). Decrease of glucose levels can incorporate eating regimen and way of life changes. These progressions must be talked about with the customer, basically concentrating on the eating regimen transforms he can make, what his customary dinners can incorporate, what he can eat in the middle of suppers, and the segments he can take for each kind of food (Martinez-Gonzales, et.al., 2008). Standard exercise can likewise help. In any case, practice must be checked by a wellbeing proficient so as to forestall any wounds. So as to advance working for this patient, I would prescribe amplifying focal points so as to permit normal perusing and composing exercises to be completed by the customer (Hume, et.al., 2012). Eye glasses with uncommon focal points which serve to grow the letters and permit perusing and composing can likewise be fitted to the patient. Amplifying focal points can likewise aid the administration of the sickness permitting the patient to self-direct

Some TOEFL Details

Some TOEFL Details Here are a few stray details I picked up from my participation in some recent ETS events. They arent really important, but you might find them interesting.The SpeechRater checks everything, including vocabulary and grammar. My earlier impression that it only checks delivery was incorrect.Confirmed: there is just one human rater alongside the SpeechRater for each task.The human score and the SpeechRater score have equal weight. They are averaged. If there is a major difference between them, however, a second human rater will check the answer.SpeechRater generates task-specific scores, rather than scoring everything collectively.Important: When a score review is requested the SpeechRater is not used.Interestingly, an ETS person told me that in the past there was only ever a single human rater for each task. This is the total opposite of what ETS told me previously, which is that there was always two human raters for each task. I guess it doesnt matter now.They have heard your complaint about the less-detailed Score Reports, and are considering how to provide more detailed information. Yay!They are working on a new Official Guide, but there is no timeline for publication.Ill have to update my video about the Speaking Section changes, I think. Stay tuned.

What Is a Black Hole What Is the Event Horizon

Question: What is a Black Hole? What is a black hole? When do black holes form? Can scientists see a black hole? What is the event horizon of a black hole? Answer: A black hole is a theoretical entity predicted by the equations of general relativity. A black hole is formed when a star of sufficient mass undergoes gravitational collapse, with most or all of its mass compressed into a sufficiently small area of space, causing infinite spacetime curvature at that point (a singularity). Such a massive spacetime curvature allows nothing, not even light, to escape from the event horizon, or border. Black holes have never been directly observed, though predictions of their effects have matched observations. There exist a handful of alternate theories, such as Magnetospheric Eternally Collapsing Objects (MECOs), to explain these observations, most of which avoid the spacetime singularity at the center of the black hole, but the vast majority of physicists believe that the black hole explanation is the most likely physical representation of what is taking place. Black Holes Before Relativity In the 1700s, there were some who proposed that a supermassive object might draw light into it. Newtonian optics was a corpuscular theory of light, treating light as particles. John Michell published a paper in 1784 predicting that an object with a radius 500 times that of the sun (but the same density) would have an escape velocity of the speed of light at its surface, and thus be invisible. Interest in the theory died in the 1900s, however, as the wave theory of light took prominence. When rarely referenced in modern physics, these theoretical entities are referred to as dark stars to distinguish them from true black holes. Black Holes from Relativity Within months of Einsteins publication of general relativity in 1916, the physicist Karl Schwartzchild produced a solution to Einsteins equation for a spherical mass (called the Schwartzchild metric) ... with unexpected results. The term expressing the radius had a disturbing feature. It seemed that for a certain radius, the denominator of the term would become zero, which would cause the term to blow up mathematically. This radius, known as the Schwartzchild radius, rs, is defined as: rs 2 GM/ c 2 G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass, and c is the speed of light. Since Schwartzchilds work proved crucial to understanding black holes, it is an odd coincidence that the name Schwartzchild translates to black shield. Black Hole Properties An object whose entire mass M lies within rs is considered to be a black hole. Event horizon is the name given to rs, because from that radius the escape velocity from the black holes gravity is the speed of light. Black holes draw mass in through gravitational forces, but none of that mass can ever escape. A black hole is often explained in terms of an object or mass falling into it. Y Watches X Fall Into a Black HoleY observes idealized clocks on X slowing down, freezing in time when X hits rs Y observes light from X redshift, reaching infinity at rs (thus X becomes invisible - yet somehow we can still see their clocks. Isnt theoretical physics grand?)X perceives noticeable change, in theory, though once it crosses rs it is impossible for it to ever escape from the gravity of the black hole. (Even light cannot escape the event horizon.) Development of Black Hole Theory In the 1920s, physicists Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar deduced that any star more massive than 1.44 solar masses (the Chadrasekhar limit) must collapse under general relativity. Physicist Arthur Eddington believed some property would prevent the collapse. Both were right, in their own way. Robert Oppenheimer predicted in 1939 that a supermassive star could collapse, thus forming a frozen star in nature, rather than just in mathematics. The collapse would seem to slow down, actually freezing in time at the point it crosses rs. The light from the star would experience a heavy redshift at rs. Unfortunately, many physicists considered this to only be a feature of the highly symmetrical nature of the Schwartzchild metric, believing that in nature such a collapse would not actually take place due to asymmetries. It wasnt until 1967 - nearly 50 years after the discovery of rs - that physicists Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose showed that not only were black holes a direct result of general relativity, but also that there was no way of halting such a collapse. The discovery of pulsars supported this theory and, shortly thereafter, physicist John Wheeler coined the term black hole for the phenomenon in a December 29, 1967 lecture. Subsequent work has included the discovery of Hawking radiation, in which black holes can emit radiation. Black Hole Speculation Black holes are a field that draws theorists and experimenters who want a challenge. Today there is almost universal agreement that black holes exist, though their exact nature is still in question. Some believe that the material that falls into black holes may reappear somewhere else in the universe, as in the case of a wormhole. One significant addition to the theory of black holes is that of Hawking radiation, developed by British physicist Stephen Hawking in 1974.

Essay on Lifelong Learning People with Disabilities

People with disabilities face many obstacles throughout their life. There are many things that can be done to ensure that a person with disabilities reaches their full potential. People with disabilities face many issues pertaining to lifelong learning such as; the beginning diagnosis, early intervention, assessments, educational progress and transitional programs. Diagnosis of Developmental Disabilities Arnold Gessell developed the milestones at which one progress through normal development (Cook, Lyon, and Blacher, 2007). Developmental delay is apparent when an infant or child fails to reach the developmental milestones within a reasonable time period (Cook, Lyon, and Blacher, 2007). Children develop at varying rates so a doctor will†¦show more content†¦However a teacher needs to look at several different assessments to determine the validity of the results. Looking at just one assessment will give skewed results due to the way the assessment was given. Furthermore interventions are effective if both teachers and parents are in agreement. Intervention works best if parents are also following thru at home as well as the teacher following thru in the classroom setting. Educational Programs and Services There are many educational programs and services to help people with disabilities. In a school setting a student with severe disabilities would have a functional curriculum; which will address life skills (Fuchs, 2007). Life skills include instructions on how to cross the street and things like personal hygiene. Also behavioral skills would be addressed as well as job skills. Schools offer work programs which allow for students to go out into the community and perform job skills such as a grocery bagger at the market. Somebody from the school would accompany the student to ensure the student was learning the needed job skills. This will help the student in the future to obtain a job after high school. Furthermore schools will also help the students to learn cooking skills in a classroom setting. Transitional Programs and Services Further complications for a person with disabilities are the transition for a public education setting to adult life. Transitioning students from high school toShow MoreRelatedEssay about Everyone Is Capable of Becoming a Lifelong Learner1364 Words   |  6 Pagesthe ability to become a lifelong learner. The most important factor to becoming a lifelong learner comes from the direct influence of mentors and guardians that care for children throughout their developmental years. Together, they figure out the best plan of action to teach each individual student how to be better learners in hopes that the influence of lifelong learning habits will be incorporated into their worldviews when they become adults. 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In any case, education is essential for each child on the planet. The issue of learning is particularly essential for ourRead MoreLifelong Learning1400 Words   |  6 PagesLaura Burns SPE-226 Professor Benedict January 24, 2014 Lifelong Learning There are many factors that go into the diagnosis and treatment of developmental disabilities. It is something that will never go away on its own and requires lifelong treatment so that each person can achieve learning throughout their lifetime. This essay will discuss what a developmental disability is, how it is diagnosed, the types of assessments as well as their strengths and weaknesses, early intervention, variousRead MoreLearning Disabilities : A Learning Disability893 Words   |  4 PagesLearning Disabilities Information A learning disability is a condition that may cause you to have difficulty with listening, thinking, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, or doing math. A learning disability can also affect your attention span, memory, muscle coordination, and behavior. Attention span problems, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), often happen with learning disabilities. Common learning disabilities include: †¢ Dyslexia. This causes difficulty with languageRead MoreTechnology And The Classroom Is Extremely Beneficial For Students For A Vast Number Of Reasons961 Words   |  4 Pagesneeds, equips students to become lifelong learners and provides students with the necessary skills in order to be adequately prepared for the workforce, becoming confident and productive contributors to society. Technology can offer educational equality in a classroom of diverse learners, and students who possess a variety of learning styles. According to Zorigian and Job (n.d), there are digital devices and software available that support students with disabilities or special needs known as â€Å"assistive

Starwood Case Study Free Essays

Since India has a growing hospitality market they don’t have as many resources available which poses many problems for entrants into the market. Starwood plans to introduce the aloft brand into the untapped Indian hospitality market which creates a huge question mark as to whether or not there is a market in India for the economy brands. The skilled labour market is very slim in India, making it difficult to hire the right type of service oriented employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Starwood Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now The cultural differences will also prove to be a challenge for Aloft. Aloft is a brand that isn’t well known throughout the international market let alone the domestic markets in the United States and Canada. Many people traveling to India who are traveling internationally will be looking for brands that are familiar which may pose a threat to the success of the Aloft brand in India. Situational Analysis Strengths India offers huge demand for any hotel company looking to build rooms. The domestic market is growing exponentially and the government is replying by fixing roads to make travel easier (Simona Terron). Weaknesses Finding skilled labour has shown to be difficult in India and the adjustment to more westernized businesses will prove to be a challenge for locals. The infrastructure in India is still pretty bad even though the government is trying to fix the roads. Domestic travelers are used to the roads but foreign travelers will find it very difficult to navigate through the cities. India’s social unrest will be a hurdle that must be overcome in order to stabilize the economy as a whole. If the government isn’t strong, foreign travelers will steer clear of India. Opportunities The open sky policy created in 2008 opened up travel from India to the UK. The sky travel industry has grown 25 %, creating a huge opportunity for the service industry in India (The Financial Express). Threats While India is growing, there are many other companies that want to ride the wave. According to the case Accor has plans to add more than 5,000 rooms to their portfolio in India. There are also many Indian hotel brands that plan to expand. Alternatives (See Appendix) Alternative 1: Creating training seminars that locals can attend will help Starwood create a labour pool that is more attractive Alternative 2: Implementing policies that embrace cultural differences will help ensure the success of the Aloft brand in India Alternative 3: Introduce the Four Points by Sheraton brand instead of Aloft as this is a brand that is already recognized internationally. Alternative 4: Instead of introducing the Aloft brand, Starwood should implement a management business model in India. Analysis of Alternatives (See Appendix) Alternative 1: No risk involved, 100% return on investment. Starwood will gain a competitive advantage as they will have a better pool of applicants to choose from. Alternative 2: No risk involved, 100% return on investment. The Aloft hotels much implement ways to overcome the cultural barriers they face in India. Alternative 3: Moderate risk involved, 100% return on investment as the risk is met with a huge demand for economy hotels in India. Alternative 4: Moderate risk involved, 100% return on investment as this business model has worked in similar markets. Recommendations Starwood has a huge opportunity to penetrate the Indian hotel market and they are not doing so in the right way. Introducing the Aloft brand into India may be successful for a while just on the basis that there is a huge demand for rooms but this advantage is not sustainable. Once more hotels penetrate the market; Aloft will be pushed to the side as it just doesn’t fit in the Indian market. Starwood should introduce the Four Points by Sheraton brand as it is a more internationally recognized brand. Since the management business model has worked for Intercontinental Hotels in the Asian market, Starwood should do the same in the Indian market. Whether or not Aloft is the brand that Starwood chooses to introduce in the Indian market they will need to train potential employees. Starwood needs to offer training seminars for locals to attend in order to train them for service expectations. Starwood will also need to find ways to overcome cultural barriers in India. I mplementation Implementing the training seminars and the cultural embracing policies in the hotels will require human resources. These alternatives will only take a few weeks to implement and a small amount of funding for incentives. Introducing Four Points by Sheraton and looking at the management business model will need a large amount of capital that, according to the case is already available. The implementation of these two alternative can be done in the same way Starwood was going to introduce the Aloft brand into the Indian market. How to cite Starwood Case Study, Free Case study samples

Accounting Finance Analysis Ethical Report â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Disuses About The Accounting Finance Analysis Ethical Report? Answer: Introduction Liquidation can be defined as an orderly process that is meant to shut down the company operations. It is basically a process of winding up a company operation because the company is considered to be unable to pay off its debt when due. The case arises when a particular company is unable to survive in the competitive market, and the owners or the shareholders decide to go for liquidation (Biondi, and Lapsley, 2014). In this case, after the company has gone into liquidation, all the assets and properties that the company owned are sold and the funds compensated to creditors, and if there are some surplus, the shareholders are entitled to the share. Liquidation can be classified into three types; creditors voluntarily, member voluntarily and through court. When a particular creditor seeks court direction to liquidate the company, the court may grant the creditor right to initiate the process of liquidation for the company (Owen, 2003). A creditor voluntary winding up is considered to be the liquidation process in which the company by itself decides to wind up its business operations while a voluntary member liquidation is the winding up the process when members of the company feel that there is no reason for the company to continue in its operations because of certain circumstances. Role of ethical governance in financial stress companies According to CPA Australia, ethics and governance are considered to be a core element of the skills and knowledge based on the contemporary professional accountants (Mills, and Marjoribanks, 2011). Diverse professional accountants should basically contain the required skills and knowledge of the content of regulatory regimes and how the governance tool is being applied. In accounting, it is significantly vital for accountants to ensure that they are performing their activities in accordance with the set rules and ethics. CPA Australia (2012), suggests that when individuals combine the social ethics and moral norms with the standard and principles of business, this aspect can be referred to as Ethics in Financial Accounting. Furthermore, Clarke, Dean, and Oliver (2003 pp. 30) emphasize the significance of governance and ethics by providing examples of World Com and Enron companies which are often important in the day to day company operations. The fall of ABC Learning Institution ABC Learning is considered to be an institution that offers early childhood education services in Brisbane, Australia and was established in 1988. The learning institution grew up steadily in its first twelve years of business then after the child care benefit introduction in FY2000, the basic demand for the child care blew up (ABC Learning Centers, 2016). During the same year, the institution grew up to be the largest health care provider in the whole of Australia and the world. The company share price increased by 300% in the market price and the company made a profit of AU$50 Million in the financial period of 2004-2005. In FY2001, the company stocks were floated on the Australia Stock Exchange at AU$2, and by 2006, its shares had a significant increase to AU$8.60. This aspect was chiefly because of the aggressive approach that the learning institution utilized to try to a dominant benefit in the child care business (Paul, 2007). Conversely, this growth strategy initiated the learning institution to pay extra for centers purchase thus resulted to huge debts from loans and other fund advances. A combination of intricate financial reports and doubtful business decisions for expansions were the key cause of the learning institution down fall (ABC Learning Centers collapse case study, 2011). Role of ethics and governance in ABC Learning Center According to this aspect, quality of education offered by the center was another cause of downfall because there were several students in the center than the number of teachers. The key issue with the ABC Learning Center was the failure of the company accounting standards such as assets treatment. When the learning institution purchased new centers, they were prized at the value of the business and premises and the cost of the childcare authorization. In FY2007, the acquired licenses were prized at AU$58.5 Million, and conversely, they were basically reported to have worth AU$700 Million under the belief that these licenses would generate more cash flow. Another unethical aspect was that thee reported good will was valued at AU$2.8 Billion while the actual value was AU$20.2 Million when purchasing other centers (Ashley and Daniel, 2008). This huge over valuation of assets fetched several question if fair value was a correct evaluation because the child care industry was already monopolized. Failure to emphasize on the main business capability to earn revenues during its growth was another problem. Proper ethics and governance should have been employed in this particular situation so as to ensure that the company carries out its business as per the set rules and regulations. The Government of Australian set up a directive on this aspect to ASIC. (Australian Securities and Investment Commission). ABC firm claimed that these particular authorizations were of high cost but in a real sense, the licenses had no value and when investors realized the accounting malpractice done by the ABC Company, its share prices decreased. The fall of HIH Insurance Company HIH Company was the largest insurance company in Australia that basically went bankrupt in 2001 with a significant loss of approximately AU$5.3 Billion. The company was founded in 1968 that introduced several types of insurance not only locally but also globally. According to its financial statements (FY2000), the company claimed that they had reached an approximately over AU$2.5 Billion in revenues and the value of its entire assets was about AU$8 Billion. In this case, poor management was considered to be the main reason that resulted in the downfall of the company where the company portfolio of about AU$8 Billion in assets was used to offset its debt and potential claims (Matten, and Moon, 2008). The portfolio dropped to only AU$133 Million as it was basically anticipated that even 1% variation in the assets cost would basically make the firm insolvent. HIH Insurance Company liquidation of was the largest surprise collapse of any particular corporate business. In 2001, NSW law cou rt ordered for the interim insolvency of the firm so as a proper audit of the company financial condition to determine its capability to continue in its operations. Ethics and governance role in HIH Insurance Company collapse HIH Insurance Company failure resulted in a Royal commission that was established so as to determine the main reason that led to the collapse of the insurance company. The commission found out that the company was basically not following corporate governance standards set up so as to ensure that the company operations are done in accordance to the Australian Cooperate governance (Rush, and Downie, 2016). According to the pointed out report, HIH Insurance Company directors were not performing their ultimate duties in accordance with the standard, and consequently, there was no balance check for the corporate governance model system that basically indicates how the company is going on and offering proper guidelines to the management. Because HIH Insurance Company was victimized by its management, no system could check the aspect of corporate governance model if it is working correctly or not so the management could control the condition. In this case, the role of ethics and governance in the company was that it had a responsibility to exercise their duties and powers with the diligence and care so all the resolutions must be taken with concern and they could be agreed by any rational individual. HIH Insurance Company culture was not that good because the senior management was unable to communicate vital facts in front of the board of management. The company board was not aware of the significant facts. Since the company initiation, it has been controlled by one CEO and that no individual member in the company could basically challenge the decisions of the CEO whether good or bad decisions were made (Tim, 2015). The company was not following its sound corporate model that basically caused the company downfall. HIH Insurance Company management performance failed to be monitored by the company boards since the panels did not carry out its duties appropriately that had no enough independence and capability to see the aspects that should be done. The aspect of transparency was also not present at HIH Insurance Company. Customers and public shareholders were deceived by the issues that HIH Insurance Company had grieved from inability after inability in the US and UK operations besides FAI purchase. The facts were also not confined to the general public because the financial statements drafted by the company were not reliable as they did not show a true picture of the company financial statements. The fall of One Tel Phone Company One Tel Phone Company was one of the largest telecommunication firm in Australia from 1995. The company operated as an Optus services reseller where Optus compensated One Tel Phone Company AU$120 for each registered and signed up sim card. During the first year of operation, the company signed up about 60,000 customers and basically posted a profit before tax of about AU$65 Million (Daniel, 2010). In the FY1997, the company floated its shares for AU$2 per stoke and a market value of AU$208 Million with this amount rising to AU$3.8 Billion in the FY2000. Conversely, the aspect of over-confidence and an unconcerned attitude towards internal control methods and corporate systems resulted in poor accounting applications particularly the treatment of bad debts that accentuated the failure of One Tel Phone Company to take profits from customers. One Tel Phone Company downfall was as a result of its inappropriate practices in its governance. When the company collapsed, its annual sales were about AU$650 and was operating in more than seven countries. The company had severe problems in their corporate governance structure since the company CEO had a significant influence on the company and that the chairman could not control anything in its business operations. Further research indicated that the other non-executive members did not have sufficient skills and knowledge to monitor the management and thus the company collapsed because of the two most influential CEOs who made wrong decisions. The biggest issues that led to its demise was the fast growth that the company did not adjust its internal control so as to satisfy for the increasing size (Westfield, 2015). It is apparent by the company system of billing that was designed for at least 60,000 70,000 clients and when the company customers grew up to about 760,000 clients, the company systems failed because of overload. The GST introduction in the FY2000 meant for more composite charging policy that was not adjusted for also led to the company down fall. Furthermore, the conducted audit demonstrated that the company one-third of accounts receivables were over 330 days old and that only 20% of the customers were actually paying while the other 80% were unaccounted for bad debts. In the end, the aspect of poor credit checking on the customers was one major factor that led to poor cash flow and thus resulted in the fall of the company. Ethics and governance role in One Tel Phone Company Basically the quality of the company financial statements usually enhances the credibility and customers confidence (Natasha, 2012). If the company annual report is made in accordance with the set guidelines, it can bring better facts and thus the report will be reliable as it shows a true and fair view of its operations. One Tel Phone Company financial statements were no doubts that it was full or malpractices, errors and contained a lot of missing core elements. The company had significant problems in its operations, financial reporting and inappropriate composition of board members. According to One Tel Phone Company financial statement (1998), the company had four members and John Greaves, and Rodney Adler were the two non-executive board members who ensured that no one challenged their authority and power that made them being the CEOs till the end of the business (Hamilton, 2016). The company collapsed because of its poor governance among its management team. Conclusion and recommendation Corporate governance and ethics were the key factors that basically resulted to the liquidation of ABC Learning Company, One Tel Phone Company, and HIH Insurance Company. The report indicates how significant the firms were before collapse because of not utilizing the set rules and regulations on proper ethics and governance. With the support of this particular research, I can simply recommend to all corporate operations that they must utilize the aspect of Company Act and the country accounting standards so they can shun diverse ethical concerns and thus improving the company culture and hence attains its targets and goals References ABC Learning Centers. (2016). Parliament of Australia. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/eet_ctte/child_care/report/c02.htm#anc2 (Accessed on 14th September, 2016) Ashley, N, Daniel, E. (2008). Arthur Andersen Auditors and Enron: What happened to their Texas CPA licenses?, Journal of Finance and Accountancy, viewed 5th Sep 2015, https://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/11899.pdf Biondi, L. and Lapsley, I., (2014). Accounting, transparency and governance: the heritage assets problem. Qualitative Research in Accounting Management, 11(2), pp.146-164. Case Study of ABC Learning Centers Collapse 2011, viewed 4th Sep 2015, https://rayanbaaqeel.blogspot.com.au/2011/06/case-study-of-abc-learning-centers.html CPA Australia, (2012) Tel.All: An insight into the One.Tel collapse, 4th September 2015 History of the Company (2003). Authenticated U.S. Government Information, viewed 3rd Sep 2015, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CPRT-JCS-3-03/pdf/GPO-CPRT-JCS-3-03-1-5-2-1.pdf Clarke, F., Dean, G. and Oliver, K. (2003). Corporate Collapse: Accounting, Regulatory and Ethical Failure. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/handle/10072/42673/74746_1.pdf Daniel, Hurst (2010). Failed ABC Learning wound up, BusinessDay.com.au. Fairfax Media. Viewed 4th September 2015. Hamilton Murphy (2016). https://www.hamiltonmurphy.com.au/members-voluntary-winding-up.htmlb (Accessed on 14th September, 2016 Matten, D Moon, J. (2008). Implicit' and 'Explicit' CSR: a conceptual framework for a comparative understanding of corporate social responsibility, Academy of Management Review,February, Vol. 33, No. 2 Mills, M Marjoribanks, G. (2011). The HIH legacy: corporate governance and shareholder value,Find Law Australia, https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/1431/the-hih-legacy-corporate-governance-and-shareholde.aspx Natasha, B. (2012). Five-year ban slapped on ABC Learning auditor, the Australian, viewed 4th Sep 2015, https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/five-year-ban-slapped-on-abc-learning-auditor/story-e6frg6nf-1226446258458 Owen, Neville (2003). HIH Royal Commission Final Report. https://www.academia.edu/1231656/HIH_Collapse Paul, W (2007). Lessons from the Enron Debacle: Corporate Culture Matters!, INPM, viewed 5th Sep 2015, https://www.meaning.ca/archives/archive/art_lessons-from-enron_P_Wong.htm Paul, R. (2014), Case Study: HIH, Ethical Obligations and the Manager: Case Studies, viewed 4th Sep 2015, https://www.thomsonreuters.com.au/product/AU/files/720502412/chapter_13.2_case_studies.pdf Rush, E and Downie, C. (2016). ABC Learning Centers. Available at: https://docs.google.com/viewer (Accessed on 14th September, 2016) Tim, W (2015). A Report on Corporate Governance at Five Companies that Collapsed in 2001, IA research, viewed 3rd Sep 2015, https://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/files/dmfile/Report_on_Governance_at_5_Failed_Companies_0310281.pdf Westfield, M. (2015). HIH: The Inside Story of Australia's Biggest Corporate Collapse. John Wiley Sons Australia, viewed 4th September 2015 Yuhao, L. (2010). The Case Analysis of the Scandal of Enron, Huntsman School of Business,

Using Developments from the Broader Field of Psychotherapy Essay Example

Using Developments from the Broader Field of Psychotherapy Essay Word count excluding front sheet and references: 4816 Introduction The purpose of this essay is to explore the development of the self in relationship within the person centred approach through drawing on developments within the broader field of psychotherapy. My principle intention is to explore intra-psychic and intersubjective understandings of self and form a view of a person centred understanding of self in relation to this dichotomy. I will argue that person centred theory was an original, if not revolutionary, approach to psychotherapy, the origins of which are found in phenomenological and existential thought rather than the scientific and medical roots of the psychoanalytic theory dominant at the time. I will describe how the person centred view of the self grew from the experience of how people changed and achieved growth through the therapeutic relationship. As such it was a truly relational theory from its inception and moved toward more clearly defined intersubjectivity through the development of therapist congruence, subjectivity and the wider systemic applications of the person centred approach. By contrast, the importance of relationship in psychoanalytic theory emerged over many years through a long revisionist path which led ultimately to a sharing of values between these two paradigms in respect of subjectivity and genuine encounter in which the subjective frame each participant is acknowledged. We will write a custom essay sample on Using Developments from the Broader Field of Psychotherapy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Using Developments from the Broader Field of Psychotherapy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Using Developments from the Broader Field of Psychotherapy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nevertheless I do contend that both traditions inform and enrich one another and further suggest that this process is enhanced by recent developments in neuroscience. I will draw on the work of Carl Rogers in particular and contrast his work with that of theorists from the analytical tradition, including Bowlby, Winnicott and Kohut; from developmental psychology, Stern and Stolorow and from the existential / phenomenological tradition, Spinelli. I will include brief critiques from systemic and cultural perspectives and will also draw on my own practice to illustrate some of these themes. The Development of Self A Person Centred Context â€Å"This above all, to thine own self be true, and it must follow as the night the day, Thou canst then be false to any man† (Shakespeare Hamlet; Act1:Scene 3) Polonius’s paternal advice to his departing son Laertes suggests that being true to â€Å"thine own self† is the most important –â€Å"above all† – aspiration in life. The emphasis on â€Å"thine own† self implies that there might be other â€Å"selves† from which it might need to be distinguished. As the only organisms with conscious self awareness, understanding and knowing who we are is an exclusively human endeavour and is perhaps the most fundamental of our psychological needs. However, Shakespeare here suggests that for human beings, knowing their â€Å"own self† is perhaps more complex than it may seem. Carl Rogers readily acknowledged that, initially, he regarded the notion of â€Å"self† as a â€Å"vague ambiguous and scientifically meaningless term† (Rogers,1959a: p. 00) only changing his view later when he realised that â€Å"when clients were given the opportunity to express their problems and their attitudes in their own terms without any guidance or interpretation they tended to talk in terms of the self†(ibid) (Shakespeare, it seems, was able to recognise this human propensity more readily than Rogers. ) Always a committed empiricist, he began to research with â€Å"no reliance on a particular view of the truth† (Barrett-Lennard 1998 p. 61). His readiness to â€Å"take the phenomena as given† (May 1961b p. 60) and his â€Å"allegiance to processes by which the truth may be gradually approximated† (ibid) reveals his affinity to phenomenological thought. It is this aspect of Rogers’ approach which so fundamentally distinguishes his theory from psychoanalysis. The word â€Å"phenomena† is generally taken by philosophers to mean â€Å"the appearances of things as contrasted with things themselves as they really are† (Spinelli 1989) As human beings we attempt to make sense of and impose meaning on all our experiences and thus we create a subjective rather than an objective reality (phenomenology even questions whether any objective reality exists). Rogers came to recognise that the only reality that he should be concerned with was the inviolable subjectivity of individual experience† (Tudor Worrall 2006 p. 27). This does not make Rogers, in essence, a phenomenologist but it was the foundation of his view that empathic understanding and therefore relationship formed the context within which the development of the self takes place. Person centred theory was therefore conceived as a truly relational psychology where as psychoanalysis was concerned with intrapsychic drives and therapist interpretations of objective reality. Although he was primarily interested in change rather than causation (Kahn Rachman 2000), after many years of observation of change in his practice Rogers gradually became alienated from his traditional psychological training and he found that he needed his own theory of how the self formed and developed. â€Å"To explain and adequately connect the events of therapy, a view of human personality was needed. The events themselves were highly suggestive in regard to fundamental aspects of personality†¦and literal theory building began† (Barrett-Lennard 1988 p. 1) Relationship, especially in infancy, subjectivity, empathy and acceptance of the client’s frame of reference were to be the bedrock themes. Rogers’ Theory of Personality and Behaviour First appearing in 1951 (Rogers 1951), Rogers’ Theory of Personality and Behaviour was presented in the form of nineteen Propositions and reached their final and most comprehensive form in his seminal paper of 195 9 (Rogers 1959). At the very heart of Roger’s theory are the organism, which he clearly distinguishes from any notion of â€Å"self†, and the actualising tendency. The self is seen as a conceptual structure that emerges from the organismic context. The actualising tendency is described as the â€Å"one central source of energy in the human organism; it is a function of the whole organism rather than of some portion of it; and that it is best conceptualised as a tendency towards fulfilment, toward actualisation, toward the maintenance and enhancement of the organism† (Rogers 1963 cited in Merry 1999 p. 22) All of aspects of Rogers’ theory, both of development and change, rely on this view of the organism. The phenomenological influence on this theory and the importance of relationship in infancy are clear. The first three propositions in particular evidence his phenomenological perspective as they are sceptical of objective reality, embrace the subjective and delineate the relationship between what we perceive and how we behave (Tudor Worrall 2006 p. 28) In infancy, the self emerges from the organism as â€Å"a portion of the total perceptual field gradually becomes differentiated as the self (Proposition VIII) i. e. n the first few months of life an infant learns to recognise an identity separate from its mother. Continuing development of the self occurs when a part of an â€Å"individual’s experience is symbolised in an awareness of being† (Rogers1959 p. 224). These can be described as self experiences. Actualisation is maintained if those experiences which are perceived as enhancing of the organism are symbolised accurately in awareness. However, experiences which a re perceived as threatening may be distorted and perceived inaccurately in order to protect the organism. The continued development of the self will therefore be influenced by both accurate and distorted perceptions of experience. The emergent self develops the need for both positive self regard and the positive regard of others. The need for positive regard from others is so compelling that securing it may be at the expense of experiences which are of positive value in actualising the organism. This is critical for the infant. With an overwhelming need for love and positive regard, a baby may adopt behaviour that is guided not by the need to enhance the organism but by the â€Å"likelihood of receiving maternal love. Rogers 1959 p. 225). Rogers describes this process as the development of â€Å"conditions of worth† which result in the development of a self concept; an â€Å"organised set of characteristics that the individual perceives as peculiar to himself/herself† (Ryckman 1993 cited in Pescitelli 1996). Incongruence occurring at any time between experience and the sel f as perceived may result in â€Å"tensions and inadequate functioning† (ibid p. 226) and psychological distress. The process of mediation between the organism and self concept is lifelong. There is a danger here, I believe, of seeing these concepts in black and white terms i. e. organism good, self concept bad. â€Å"Self actualisation†, the role of the self concept as distinct from â€Å"actualisation† of the organism, in fact enables a move toward optimal psychological functioning (Tudor Worrall 2006 p. 90). It positively serves the organism’s tendency to actualise, by enabling individuals to organise and evaluate experience, mediate social relationships in family and society and balance organismic needs with the needs of others (Tolan 2002 cited in Tudor and Worrall 2006 p. 90). Merry adds to this argument by reminding us that the organism’s primary need is to survive and that it will â€Å"close down† any potentials which threaten survival (Merry 2003 p. 87). Cooper (2000) suggests that different concepts of the self can be formed in response to various individuals conferring positive regard for very different self experiences. Perhaps something like this was in Polonius’ mind with his emphasis on â€Å"thine own† self. Mearns (Mearns D 1999) also argues for a plurality of self concepts and points out that individuals often use the word â€Å"parts† to describe how they experience different dimensions of themselves. As new experiences and perceptions occur, or as experiences are differently perceived, the self is constantly open to change, including through therapy. In this sense the self is a process rather than a fixed or constant entity. The development of self in a person centred context therefore rests on the view that, given the right kind of relationship, people have the capacity to grow and achieve their potential through the continuous prompting of the actualising tendency and the mediation of the self concept. Other Perspectives of Self â€Å"The great questions of psychotherapy will never be definitely answered†¦. Nonetheless, †¦In spite of continuing sharp controversies and differences even among sympathetic colleagues, there is a growing unity of thought†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kahn 1996 p. 19) Revisionists of classical Freudian theory began to put relationship, especially in infancy, rather than instinctual drives at the heart of what it is to be human. In effect, psychoanalysis began a movement toward the point where Rogers began. Nevertheless much of Rogers’ thinking is richly elaborated by these developments and there is evidence that he was influenced by some of them Melanie Klein(1882-1960), from observations of young children and parental figures saw early infant/mother relationship, to be critical in the development of self. Her theory of Object Relations, in essence contends that a child builds an interpersonal world (of object relations) from what is experienced in relationship, seeing external objects as â€Å"an ‘other’ that helps us experience the ‘I’† (Tudor Worrall 2006 p 88). Otto Rank (1884-1939), an associate of Freud, saw conscious will and purpose rather than unconscious instincts as being at the heart of humankind with â€Å"the client’s consciousness and meanings , (and) awareness of present felt experiencing (as) the vital issues in therapy† (Barrett-Lennard 1988 p. 355). Rank is, I believe, revealing here his own phenomenological position. Viewing creative potential as inherent in the make up of humans, he implied a form of growth principle somewhat analogous to the actualising tendency The work of Rank’s associate Jessie Taft (1880-1960) is also characterised by relationship with young children (Taft 1933). However, she was anxious to distinguish her approach from psychoanalysis â€Å"or any process in which either analytic or intellectual aspect is stressed, or the immediacy of the experience is denied or confused with history† (Taft 1933: xvi in Barrett-Lennard 1988 p 125). Using the term â€Å"relational therapy† to describe the essence of her approach, she too reveals here a phenomenological stance with recognition of the centrality of empathy and relationship. She precedes Rogers by almost a decade. Rogers both met Rank and Taft and read their work and their influence in the later development of his self theory seems clear. In further developing Object Relations theory, the British psychoanalysts Winnicott and Bowlby similarly placed relationship at the heart of human development. They too saw, as did Rogers, the infant mother relationship as the context for the formation and development of a self identity and further acknowledged that our internal and external experiences affect and are continually affected by each other. (Holmes 1993). Psychoanalysis was moving from a one person to a two person psychology. Winnicott, hinting at an inter-subjective paradigm, went as far as to say that â€Å"there is no such thing as a baby (Embleton Tudor et al p. 88). He meant by this that the baby must be seen and considered in the context of a â€Å"whole unit† (ibid) as mother and baby so profoundly and continuously affect one another through sensory experiences such as touch, tone of voice, gaze and holding. Recent developments in neuroscience reveal that identical activity in the form of mirror neurons is triggered in the brains of mother and infant as they gaze at each others faces. Schore 1994; Cozolino 2002) Essentially this is perhaps the beginnings of a scientific explanation of empathy and intersubjectivity. Further developments in this field are likely to lead to a re-examination of other aspects of psychotherapeutic theories and methodologies. â€Å"all of the disorders we have thought of as ‘psychologic al’ need to be reframed to include neurobiological correlates and mechanisms† ( Cozolino 2002 p. 319). Bowlby (1907-1990), developed what I consider to be perhaps the most significant development to have emerged from the analytical tradition in understanding how the self develops. Having studied, ethnology, anthropology and human bonding and culture, his major formulation of Attachment Theory (Holmes 1993) rests on the need for the close proximity of infant and parent in order for development, exploration and the process of individuation to continue. When the secure base (attachment) of the mother/infant relationship is undermined by an intolerable separation, anxiety is caused in the infant, which, if repeated or continued, can lead to the child becoming insecurely attached. Always seeking to make the best attachment possible, an insecurely attached child feels angry but does not dare attack the attachment figure for fear of retaliation and pushing the attachment figure even further away. Resultant feelings of both anxiety and rage are suppressed, lack of care becomes an expectation and the expression of any emotion is fraught with danger. These processes that begin in infancy and, if strengthened in later life, can lead to difficulty in establishing intimate relationships and maladaptive behaviour such as aggression, depression, substance abuse and self harm. This theory, largely rejected by the psychoanalytical establishment of the time as it saw the development of self as an external rather than an internal process (Holmes 1993) has had a worldwide influence in the field of childcare and social policy. It is broadly consistent with Rogers’ view of the nature and importance of the mother infant relationship but greatly enriches it. Rogers describes this process in terms of lack of positive regard leading to a distorting of experience by the self concept and a denial to awareness of organismic needs. This can lead to greater and greater incongruence and subsequently to delinquent behaviour and psychological distress. Kohut and self psychology is generally seen as offering the most significant revision of psychoanalysis (Kahn 1996) in terms of the move toward relationship and many of his views, radical in psychoanalysis, are consistent with Rogers’ theory. When he replaced interpretation and objectivity in psychoanalysis with empathy and subjectivity, analytical theory â€Å"could no longer define healthy functioning as a conformity to some objective reality† (Kahn 1996 p. 0). Kohut describes the infant’s needs in the analytical terms of archaic narcissism but believed they could be met through, what he termed, the â€Å"empathic attunement† of the parents to the infant’s experience. In this sense parents become â€Å"self objects† and the child begins to acquire other self objects from all its experiences. In Rogers’ theory the inf ant, through receiving accurate empathic responses, experiences positive regard from the parent and develops positive self regard. Kohut saw the self as developing from and close to a person’s experiencing. This â€Å"experience near† (Kohut 1984) stance compares to Rogers theory of symbolisation of experience. A robust sense of self and capacity for affect regulation is achieved through making â€Å"transmuting internalisations† of experiences when narcissistic needs are imperfectly met. This is analogous to the mediation between organism and self concept. It is perhaps surprising that Kohut nowhere acknowledges Rogers’ much earlier identification of the importance of empathic understanding. Nevertheless, both Bowlby and Kohut offer rich elaborations on the processes of early self development. By his focus on the subjective experience of the client, rather than objective reality, Kohut consolidated the move of psychoanalysis from a one person to a two person psychology. Towards Inter- subjectivity Rogers by this time had advanced the concept of therapist congruence in Person Centred theory which altered the balance of the therapeutic encounter from one characterised by therapist provided attitudes to the mutuality of two subjective worlds meeting in as real a relationship as possible. Although Kohut had begun to appreciate how therapist subjectivity impacted on the therapeutic encounter by creating a mutuality of reciprocal influence (Kahn 1996 p. 33), a fully intersubjective view on the development of self was yet to emerge from psychoanalysis. â€Å"A trend towards mutuality in relationship, towards a dialectic of meaning that had whispered along in the background, suddenly took voice in the work of intersubjectivists† (Sills 2007) The intersubjective â€Å"baton† is passed to developmental psychology. In a decisive move towards the notion of intersubjectivity and away from object theory Stern (Stern 1985) suggested that experiences jointly created in parent child relationships come to be owned by the child to form part of the sense of self. Describing such experiences as â€Å"representations of interactions that are generalised† (RIGS), they can be negatively or positively valued, but are jointly created experiences and not objects. Stolorow and Atwood . Stolorow Atwood 1992) go further and argue for an exclusively intersubjective theory of self. Describing intrapsychic drive theory and its derivatives as the â€Å"myth of the isolated mind†, they argue that all human development and experience occurs within an intersubjective context and that a child’s organisation of experience into a self structure â€Å"must be seen as a property of the child care giver system of mutual regulation† (ibid p. 23). They describe self regulatory competence as a system s competence. Invariant principles that unconsciously organise the child’s subsequent experiences are formed within the matrix of the child –caregiver system and become the essential building blocks of personality development. The therapeutic relationship is also seen as a system within the intersubjective field of the therapy where invariant organising principles can be adjusted. Ogden (1994) describes the therapeutic intersubjective field as â€Å"intersubjective analytic third† where a third subject is unconsciously co-created by the interaction between client and therapist and which each experiences through their separate personality system. I find that this concept, where the observer becomes part of the observed, makes a distinction between the truly intersubjective and other models of relational therapy. The two paradigms, psychoanalytic and humanistic, now shared many core principles which had been at the heart of person centred psychotherapy for almost half a century. It is remarkable how far ahead of the psychoanalysts Rogers was in appreciating the validity of the subjectivity of the client (Kahn 1996 p. 32) A Systemic Context Whilst seeing the infant caregiver relationship as a â€Å"system†, Stolorow and Atwood do not go on to explore the significance of all of the other systems to which it is connected. The mother infant relationship is a system within the nuclear family system which is in turn within the extended family system and so on so that society is seen as a structure of systems within systems. Change in one part of a system inevitably changes its other parts which then affect the other systems to which it is connected and so on. Pioneering systemic work in Italy in the 1980s (Palazzoli et al 1985) with people diagnosed with schizophrenia demonstrated that working with the family as a system of relationships alleviated the symptoms of the family member diagnosed with schizophrenia when more traditional individual approaches were not successful. It seems to me an irony that Rogers, who began to develop his theory of self from his experience of working with families, seems to have paid relatively little attention to the influence of the whole family system. Ironically, although person centred theory emphasizes empathic unconditional positive regard as the engendering force of psychotherapy, the theory tends not to recognise that force’s kinship with the emotional power of early family dynamics (Gaylin 2001p90) A cultural context A consideration of the systemic context of the development of the self inevitably leads to an awareness of the wider societal systems, national, cultural, political, in which we live and how they may effect the development of self. Western psychology, including person centred therapy, has developed within predominantly white European and North American cultures that traditionally value individualism. Many non-white cultures and Eastern cultures, by contrast, see the self as an integral part of something greater such as clan or community. It is important to recognise that these values are culturally defined and in predominantly white Western societies it is through the â€Å"subtle veil of whiteness† (Cornelius White and Anderson p5) that individualism is presented as an unquestioned norm. the ancestral worldviews of people of color emphasise positive interdependence and have inherent differences to those built on individual actualization†(ibid) The cultural context is therefore a powerful influence in the development of the self but has received little consideration in the theoretical views discussed here. â€Å"It was awful to be Negro and have no control over my life. It was brutal to be young a nd already trained to sit quietly and listen to charges brought against my color with no chance of defense† (Angelou 1984 p 176) Maya Angelou conveys powerfully here the impact of racism in her young life in the southern American state of Arkansas. In addition to an early separation from her parents she has also to resile against the â€Å"brutal† attack on her sense self as a Black child in a dominant white and far from â€Å"subtle† racist environment where the political system legislated for the denigration of Black people. In the latter part of his career Rogers continued to be far ahead of other therapeutic traditions in exploring the boundaries and application of his theories. He worked predominantly with groups and was active in cultural and political contexts such as peace-seeking initiatives in Northern Ireland and South Africa. Though always connected to individual therapy, he could perhaps no longer promote it in alienation from the environmental contexts of peoples’ lives. In terms of the development of self, he recognised the need to address cultural and religious dimensions as well as the effects of oppression, violence and poverty in society. The name ‘person centred therapy ‘ inadvertently hides a dismissal of the sociological inequities that often offer additional explanations for suffering rather than resting sole credit or blame with individualized conditions of worth (Cornelius-White and Anderson 2007p. 5) The Formative Tendency (Rogers 1980), formulated towards the end of his career, which takes a systemic view of the universe as a complex of connections and systematic order, can be seen as an â€Å"ecological revision† (Cornelius-White and Anderson 2007) of the individualistic actualising tendency thus providing a theoretical base for the wider application of person centred theory, the person centred approach, and it is broadly compatible with established systemic theory Individual or Intersubjective – a person centred view Stolorow and Atwood argue that as an individual’s world of inner experience is â€Å"embedded in an intersubjective context in a continual flow of mutual regulation,.. the gap between the intrapsychic and interpersonal world is closed and the dichotomy between them is rendered obsolete† (Stolorow Atwood 1992 p18). They view the self as entirely intersubjective in formation and development. However, in person centred theory the actualising tendency, and therefore the separate individual, still exists. This raises the question of how individual and intersubjective understandings of the self can be seen within a person centred context. I argue for a â€Å"both/and† position; a view that I suggest finds support in the phenomenological roots of person centred theory. The existential – phenomenological tradition contends that the self can only be defined in a relational sense (Spinelli 1994). Humans can only exist in the world and cannot exist alone and therefore human existence rests on the principle of relatedness. We cannot therefore understand or make sense of human beings – ourselves included on their own or in isolation but always and only through their inter-relational context. (Spinelli 2007) This also is a truly intersubjective view of the self. However, unlike Stolorow, existentialism also embraces a view of the individual self in the context of existential isolation (Spinelli1994) (Yalom 1980). Individuals can only experience the world in a unique way that cannot be completely shared by another. Recognition of our uniqueness inevitably brings an awareness of our aloneness or isolation. When we die we die alone. The moment that we die brings to an end our unique world of meanings, and the world that both defines and is defined by our being ceases to exist. Spinelli 1994). Stolorow Atwood dismiss such ontological aloneness as part of the â€Å"myth of the isolated mind† and as nothing more than a â€Å"calming vision† (Stolorow Atwood 1992 p11) built into the human condition as the common fate of all mankind which offers â€Å"reassuring illusions† (ibid) of self sufficiency and autonomy as a defence against interpersonal events over which the indi vidual has only limited control. I do not share this view and see an individual dimension of self arising, not from an intrapsychic process, but from a relationship to the givens of human existence. Whilst Kohut’s self psychology and Stolorow’s intersubjective position both clearly share the critical core values of person centred theory, the role of the actualising tendency presents a crucial difference which questions Kahn’s view (Kahn 1996) that they are â€Å"one at the core†. The actualising tendency is the core of person centred theory. In the person centred context, the intrapsychic and intersubjective dimensions are expressed by such terms as â€Å"actualising tendency† and â€Å"fully functioning person† (the individual dimension) and â€Å"relationship† and â€Å"encounter† (the intersubjective dimension) (Schmid 2001). The individual dimension defines what a person is; the intersubjective dimension describes becoming i. e. how a person becomes a person. Together they form the â€Å"distinctive characteristic of all person centred thinking(ibid). The self in a person centred context must therefore be seen as both intra-psychic and inter-subjective. People are both individuals and relationships. I suggest that the dichotomy of the intersubjective and intrapsychic will never become obsolete as long as human beings continue to understand and express themselves in terms of self. Autonomy and interconnectedness, independence and interdependence, self reliance and commitment, sovereignty and solidarity uniquely characterise the human condition† (ibid). In taking this view, I recognise that I am from a white Western culture. I am not arguing for its universal acceptance and I remain open to the different understandings of others. However, consistent with the phenomenological theme I have outlined, m y theoretical view of self arises from my own self experiences which I have attempted to symbolise accurately here. Conclusion In reviewing various theoretical positions in relation to the development of self, I have described how Carl Rogers created a new psychotherapeutic paradigm that arose from his phenomenological disposition which recognised the primacy of both the phenomena of subjective experience and the centrality of relationship in human development. The contrasting intrapsychic Freudian ego psychology, dominant at the time, and which pre-dated Rogers by many years, was gradually revised to incorporate many of Rogers’ core values in respect of subjectivity and relationship. Both paradigms subsequently moved towards more fully intersubjective positions. I have contended that systemic and cultural perspectives have been advanced more in person centred theory through the wider applications of the person centred approach but that both traditions have paid relatively little attention to these aspects. Traditional views of psychotherapy maybe either challenged or reinforced by developments in neuroscience as we are now aware that our brains organise the totality of our experience (Cozolino). It is perhaps an irony that psychotherapy, which has so steadily moved away from Freud’s scientifically driven approach, may now be returning to science for validation of its theories. Whilst fully embracing the concept of intersubjectivity, I have argued that the role of the actualising tendency is an intrapsychic process which must be reconciled with intersubjectivity in a person centred context. I have therefore concluded that self, in a person centred perspective, is both intrapsychic and intersubjective, that these are not mutually exclusive concepts and that this view distinctively characterises person centred thinking. Finally, I have argued that all concepts of the self, including, my own, are to some extent culturally defined and, therefore, a plurality of views will inevitably emerge from any exploration of the wonders of human development with the potential to enrich us all. Bibliography Angelou, M. (1984) I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, London: Virago. Barrett-Lennard, G. T. , (1998) Carl Rogers Helping System – Journey and Substance London: Sage Cooper, M. (2000) Person Centred Practice Vol. 8 No2 pp 87-93 Llangarron: PCCS Books Cornelius-White, J. H. D. Anderson, A. L. 2007) Digging the White Soil of Person-Centred Therapy, Person-Centred Quarterly Feb 2007 pp 5-7, Ross-on Wye: British Association for the Person Centred Approach Cozolino, L. (2002) The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy, New York: Norton Embleton-Tudor, L. E. , Keemar, K.. , Tudor, K. , Valentine, J. , Worrall, M. (2004) The Person Centred Approach – A Contemporary Introduction, Basingstoke: Palgrave McMillan. Gay lin, N. (2001) Family, Self and Psychotherapy: a person-centred perspective, Llangarron: PCCS Books Holmes, J. (1993) John Bowlby and Attachment Theory, London and New York: Routledge Kahn, M. (1991) Between Therapist and Client, The New Relationship New York; Henry Holt Kahn, E. Rachman, A. W. , Carl Rogers and Heinz Kohut (2000), A Historical Perspective, Psychoanalytic Psychology Vol. 17, No. 2, pp294 – 312. Kohut, H.

Free Essays on Search For Order

Search for Order from 1877-1916 During the late 1800’s and the early 1900’s the United States had a great undertaking of finding order. Order, in the general term of life, both on the personal aspects and the country as a whole had been disassembled during the civil war and the events that occurred shortly there after. This paper is to illustrate how Americans executed the search for order, in the broad sense of the word. There will be three points brought to light to support the claim of order, the aspects of Economic, Social, and Cultural. ECONOMIC Economic stability and equal opportunity define the search for economic order for each and every American. During the time in question, there was very little economic order. Those Americans that were lucky enough to join the steel/cattle/ and other industries that were thriving in the early 19th Century were set for life, vs. the immigrants that just started to see American soil and work here for the first time. There was a huge contrast in wages, the wealth wasn’t spread very even, and Americans were either rich or poor. During this time period, there were many trying to level the playing field in their quest to improve their economic situation. 1. Jane Addams was famous for founding the Hull House in 1889. The house was dedicated to teaching immigrants and underprivileged individuals some sort of specific trade or skill along with English to allow them to fend for their personal economic freedom. 2. In 1886, the American Federation of Labor started Wage Protection; the American Federation of Labor came into existence under that name in 1886. In fact, it began with a longer, more cumbersome name, the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions of the United States and Canada. This organization was founded on November 15-18, 1881 at the Turner Hall in downtown Pittsburgh. Many of the pioneers of the American labor movement in this period were German-American, though... Free Essays on Search For Order Free Essays on Search For Order Search for Order from 1877-1916 During the late 1800’s and the early 1900’s the United States had a great undertaking of finding order. Order, in the general term of life, both on the personal aspects and the country as a whole had been disassembled during the civil war and the events that occurred shortly there after. This paper is to illustrate how Americans executed the search for order, in the broad sense of the word. There will be three points brought to light to support the claim of order, the aspects of Economic, Social, and Cultural. ECONOMIC Economic stability and equal opportunity define the search for economic order for each and every American. During the time in question, there was very little economic order. Those Americans that were lucky enough to join the steel/cattle/ and other industries that were thriving in the early 19th Century were set for life, vs. the immigrants that just started to see American soil and work here for the first time. There was a huge contrast in wages, the wealth wasn’t spread very even, and Americans were either rich or poor. During this time period, there were many trying to level the playing field in their quest to improve their economic situation. 1. Jane Addams was famous for founding the Hull House in 1889. The house was dedicated to teaching immigrants and underprivileged individuals some sort of specific trade or skill along with English to allow them to fend for their personal economic freedom. 2. In 1886, the American Federation of Labor started Wage Protection; the American Federation of Labor came into existence under that name in 1886. In fact, it began with a longer, more cumbersome name, the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions of the United States and Canada. This organization was founded on November 15-18, 1881 at the Turner Hall in downtown Pittsburgh. Many of the pioneers of the American labor movement in this period were German-American, though...

Good Ethics in Good Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Good Ethics in Good Business - Assignment Example There are conflicting studies regarding the link between good ethics and profitability in the short term, however, it does appear that good ethics can help a company achieve a strong long-term business model. Conversely, in the cases of Enron, Parmalat, and Merrill Lynch for example, a business ethics-related scandal can cost billions of dollars and even the destroy a company. Empirically, ethics or the lack thereof, can be a wild-card factor that can either improve or cost a business. More or less, good ethics serve as an insurance policy against corporate implosion and can help establish long-term customer and employee loyalty. In today's business culture, however, profitability is still the trump card, even amongst a trend toward greater corporate social responsibility. To understand what good ethics are, a clear definition of ethics must be made. The reality is that among others, there are two major separate and at times, conflicting paradigms regarding a preferred business model. The prevailing model in modern business, an open-market model, relies philosophically on Adam Smith's lassiez faire approach, that unadulterated market competition will always yield the most effective results. In theory, a pure open market system abhors any form of market interference, as it will only work counter to the maximization of an economic system. On a practical level, this type of competition finds its way into the investment markets. Large corporations are constantly under pressure to showcase their value in the form of stock prices, earnings reports, and prognoses for increased profitability in the near future. It would be considered unethical in this model to interfere with the natural conduct of business. Advocates of this model are by nature, against regul ation. The other model, which focuses on corporate social responsibility, is a more holistic approach that includes the social consequence of a company beyond its shareholder obligations. Therefore, good ethics are measured by the benefit to all entities that come in contact with a company directly or indirectly, from shareholders, to customers, to employees, to subcontractors, and to the environment. This type of model, which has been recently adopted by the United Nations, is challenging the traditional bottom-line approach and redefining the meaning of good ethics in business. The open market model has been the prevailing model of big business since roughly 1980, following international economic turmoil, believed to have been caused by an over-regulating economic philosophy from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Deregulation, desperation, and temptation have invited many ethics scandals in recent memory, from European scandals in the 1980' and 1990's to the U.S. based global corporate scandals in the early 21st Century. Lloyds of London for example, one of the largest insurances providers in the world, narrowly avoided bankruptcy as a result of allegedly misrepresenting its profitability and the amount of liabilities in the early 1980's to its Names, or wealthy individuals who underwrite their policies. The scandal led to over $8 billion in losses as it rocked London's financial markets, and as Tony Blair claimed, "Lloyd's has committed the largest, most extensive and pervasive fraud in history (McClilntick, 2000)." Another large European company, Parmalat , has been accused

Aldi moves beyond competing on price Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aldi moves beyond competing on price - Essay Example In the process they have also changed competitive environment. In the face of such changing economy supermarkets like ALDI should respond to its environment, and take strategic actions to not only sustain growth but also improve on its competitive position in the industry. The UK supermarket industry in 2008 accounted for retail sales of approximately  £124.1bn and performed well compared to other industries despite market gloom (Verdict 2009). This combined output has been generated by the various categories of supermarkets - large grocery retailers, regional retailers, fascia group, convenience stores, LADs (limited assortment discounters), frozen food retailers and specialist retailers (Verdict 2009). Despite its financial size, the supermarkets industry is driven by the major large grocery retailers which account for 85 percent of its sales and four dominant supermarkets (Competition Commission 2008). Although, ALDIs direct competitors are Lidl and Netto, it is also competing with the other categories of retailers. Considering this scenario, ALDI which is a LAD must consider its competitive environment in order to devise strategic plans for sustainable growth. To analyze the industry, Michael Porters (1985) Five Forces Model is being used to gauge the competitive environment. The Five Forces include buyers bargaining power; suppliers bargaining power, threats of substitutes; threats of new entrants; and the degree of rivalry among the firms. These shall be analyzed as follows: The supermarkets are the price-takers according to the Competition Commission Report (2008) which means that the consumers have to buy at the price set by the supermarkets. The supermarkets compete based on prices which although allow consumers a wide range of retailers to choose from but the nature of the product (food) allows them to be

Use of Atomic Spectrometry in Pharmaceutical Analysis

Use of Atomic Spectrometry in Pharmaceutical Analysis Jie Pan Introduction Pharmaceutical analysis is a critical issue for human beings, not only to verify the effectiveness of drugs, but also for the safety issues. The toxicity of various elements has been well studied and documented for many years. There are many ways to prove effective elements or compounds in drugs. For more than 100 years, the main focus on standard for testing pharmaceuticals elements has been the Heavy Elements.[1] However, there is no clear definition of heavy elements has showed authority. Most of the concern regarding elements in pharmaceuticals was associated with following elements such as: antimony(Sb), arsenic(As), Cadmium(Cd), copper(Cu), iron(Fe), lead(Pb) and zinc(Zn). The purpose in detecting pharmaceutical materials is not just for drug products, the active pharmaceutical ingredients(API’s), raw material and intermediates for metals and metalloids also very important for analysis of drugs. For these reasons, atomic spectroscopy has been developed as one of the most powerful tool for detecting metals and metalloids in drugs.[2] Atomic Spectroscopy techniques Atomic spectroscopy involving the measurements of the optical properties of free atoms. An atomization source is a system for generating atomic vapor from a sample. Classification of atomic method is depends on the source: flame atomic absorption spectroscopy(FAAS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy(GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP-AES), direct-current argon plasma, electric arc and electric spark and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy(ICP-MS). Most common techniques of atomic spectroscopy are FAAS and GFAAS, which based on the Beer-Lambert Law. FAAS is considered to be less sensitive technique than GFAAS, with FAAS the sensitivities in the range of low parts per million(ppm, w/w), requiring milliliter quantities, while GFAAS is capable of low parts per billion(ppb. w/w) with requiring microliter quantities of sample. FAAS is considered the one with less-expensive and also easier skill level for an analyst as well as less time consuming when compared with GFAAS. Regardless of the technique, both FAAS and GFAAS require the use of a hollow cathode (HCL) or electrodeless discharge lamp (EDC) for each radiation source.[3] ICP-AES and ICP-MS have seen greater use within the pharmaceutical industry in more recent years. Both of the techniques can be applied for variety of sample types and capable of rapid, multi-element analyses. ICP-MS offering much greater sensitivity, which down to parts per trillion(ppt) than ICP-AES-pm to ppb, however, has more potential spectral interferences. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is based on absorption of radiation by atoms. Main components included for AAS are: light source, sample holder, wavelength selector and detector. HCL (hollow cathode lamp) is the most common source, which applied for atomic absorption measurement.[4] Daryoush Afzali et. al. applied this technique on the detecting of palladium. Palladium is attracting a lot of attention in various fields including industry, technology and medicine. However, the long-term exposure to palladium may affect the human health. Therefore, it is our task to trace the residue of palladium, which is quite meaningful. A method for preconcentration of palladium on modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes columns has been developed. Palladium analysis requires analytical methods of high sensitivity, selectivity, and the control of interference effects. Previous research used GFAAS and ICP-MS to detect palladium, however, the mainly drawback is solvent extraction methods such as emulsion formation, different extracting efficiencies, and low sensitivity. Daryoush Afzali et. al. focused on repairing conventional solvent extraction methods for isolating environmental pollutants with solid phase extraction (SPE) techniques, which applied prior to spectrometric determination. Compared with liquid–liquid extraction, SPE utilizing solid so rbents are simpler and faster, reduce organic solvent consumption and yield higher enrichment factors. Different solid phase extractors such as Amberlite XAD resins, polyurethane foam, activated carbon, and silica gel with chelating groups have been the most widely used collectors. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been chosen as solid phase extractor because of its unique thermal, mechanical, electronic, and chemical properties. The extremely large surface area and the unique tubular structure make CNTs a promising adsorbent material. The modified method using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), were oxidized with concentrated HNO3 and then modified with 5-(40-dimethylamino benzyliden)-rhodanine. Following with using as a solid sorbent for preconcentration of Pd(II) ions. The effects of experimental parameters, including pH of the sample solution, sample flow rate, eluent flow rate, and eluent concentration were investigated. The procedure offers a useful, rapid, and reliable enrich ment technique for preconcentration of Pd(II) in various samples. Under the optimum condition, palladium in aqueous samples was concentrated to about 200-fold.[5] ICP-AES and ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma utilizes an argon plasma to excite and ionize elemental species, which is the most important feature of argon ICP plasma is the temperature can be achieved around 6000-10000 K. The ions formed by the ICP discharge are typically positive ions, M+ or M2+, therefore, elements that prefer to form negative ions such as Cl, I, F, etc., are very difficult to determine via ICP-AES. Samples are aspirated into the plasma by means of a nebulizer, which generates small droplets that pass through a spray chamber and then through the center tube of a concentric torch. Desolvation, vaporization, atomization and ionization of the sample occur in the high temperatures of the plasma, and the collisions of the ions and electrons of the argon plasma ionize and excite the analyte atoms. As the ions generated within the plasma pass into the mass spectrometer, the ions are separated in the magnetic field according to their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). Due to the heat of the plasma , the ionic components is reduced, the mass range for ICP-MS typically covers from 6 to 240 atomic mass units (amu). Therefore, offers an advantage over ICP-AESà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ The nature of interferences in ICP-MS is typically due to the formation of multiply charged ions, oxides and polyatomic isobaric interferences formed in the plasma.[2] Multi-elements detection in pharmaceutical analysis helps improve efficiency on analyzing and also reduce the sample amount. Its not only save our time, but also increase accuracy and explore more mechanism details in pharmacy. In a series of papers, by using ICP-AES to study the effects of aging. Tohno et al. measured multi-elements Ca, Mg, P and S in the four human cardiac valves showed that Ca and P accumulated most in the aortic valve, about 12–19 fold higher than in the tricuspid valve, which showed the least accumulation.[6-7] Lin and Jiang et. al. used slurry sampling of hypertensive drug tablets to introduce a dry aerosol for ETV-ICP-MS measurement of Cd, Cr, Mo, Pb, Pd and Pt. Electrothermal vaporization (ETV) is one of alternative technique to solution nebulization, which is coupled with ICP-MS. This new combination allows the possibility to perform direct analysis of solids. Most of the traditional techniques require sample pretreatment, such as acid digestion and d ry ashing. These pretreatment procedures bring issues such as time consuming, with the consequent risk of sample contamination and analyte loss. In this situation, Lin and Jiang et. al. proposed USS-ETV-ICP-MS as an alternative technique for the direct determination of Cr, Mo, Pd, Cd, Pt and Pb in three antihypertensive tablets (Cozaar, Norvasc and Bisoprolol). The innovative method by coupling electrothermal vaporization with ICP-MS provides a simple way to determine Cr, Mo, Pd, Cd, Pt and Pb in drug tablets without complicated sample pretreatment. By these means, the method precision was increased to 5% RSD (25% for Pt). Moreover, It has been demonstrated to be effective in alleviating various spectral interferences in ICP-MS analysis.[8] Conclusion For the patient safety perspectives, the need for the analysis of elements in pharmaceuticals to qualify product is becoming more important. Nowadays, since the variety of instrumental techniques, such as flame and graphite furnace AA, which is mature and traditional to newer technologies, ICP-AES and ICP-MS, make it possible to monitor multi-elements at same time with the concentration from sub-ppb’s to percent’s.[9-10] As we mentioned above, the selection of sample pretreatment is the key to the success of an analysis. The elimination of pretreatment of sample can be achieved now, which avoid risk of sample contamination and analyte loss. In the future, there is no doubt that detection limit will be reduced and the sensitivity of instrument will be increase. More sensitive technique such as ICP-MS and also modified ICP-MS will play an important role. Easier skill and low expenses of this technique should be developed. Only various techniques which can deal with diffic ult sample matrices and low limits of detection can help us to meet the challenges to address both product safety and product quality issues.[2, 11] References [1] A. Taylor, S. Branch, D. Halls, M. Patriarca, M. White, Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry 2002, 17, 414-455. [2] N. Lewen, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis 2011, 55, 653-661. [3] M. Ahmed, M. A. Qadir, M. Q. Hussain, American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2014, 05, 674-680. [4] J. S, V. K, A. S, Int. J. Res. Pharm. Chem. 2012, 2, 146-163. [5] D. Afzali, R. Jamshidi, S. Ghaseminezhad, Z. Afzali, Arabian Journal of Chemistry 2012, 5, 461-466. [6] Y. Tohno, S. Tohno, T. Minami, Y. Moriwake, F. Nishiwaki, K. Hashimoto, H. Yamamoto, Biological Trace Element Research 2000, 77, 107. [7] Y. Tohno, Y. Takano, S. Tohno, Y. Moriwake, T. Minami, F. Nishiwaki, M. Yamada, M. Utsumi, K. Yuri, Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2000, 77, 119. [8] M.-L. Lin, S.-J. Jiang, Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry 2011, 26, 1813. [9] A. Taylor, M. P. Day, S. Hill, J. Marshall, M. Patriarca, M. White, Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry 2013, 28, 425. [10] A. Taylor, M. P. Day, J. Marshall, M. Patriarca, M. White, Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry 2012, 27, 537. [11] N. H. Bings, J. O. Orlandini von Niessen, J. N. Schaper, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 2014, 100, 14-37.

Does Socrates see himself as the most important teacher in the city? :: Essays Papers

Does Socrates see himself as the most important teacher in the city? In Plato’s Apology of Socrates, Socrates has to defend himself to the city of Athens. The city of Athens is at odds with Socrates’ philosophy; it contradicted several Athenian beliefs. The city believed that Socrates was an atheist, that he was responsible for corrupting the youth, and that he made the weaker argument the stronger. Socrates believed that he was the most important teacher in the city therefore he continued to defend his actions and beliefs even when his life was on the line. He saw himself as the most important teacher after his visit to the oracle. He believed it was his mission to change the Athenians viewpoints, and he was willing to die for what he believed in. Socrates forced the Athenians to think and to question how they lived their lives. He was a great philosophizer and he knew how important he was to the city. The city did not share Socrates own view of himself as the most important teacher. They believed his philosophies were evil and they were willing to put him to death for his ideas. In Socrates’ first defense, he uses the story of the Delphic oracle. According to Socrates, the oracle once declared that no one was wiser than Socrates. At first Socrates thought the oracle to be wrong so he began to obtain evidence by conversing with wise people in order to refute the oracle: He examined the politicians, poets, and artisans and found that they were almost completely ignorant (except for the artisans, who at least knew well their own areas of expertise), and that all thought they knew things, especially â€Å"the greatest things,† but in fact they did not know them. Since Socrates was at least aware of his own ignorance, he ranked himself above them in wisdom. (18) Thus Socrates began to believe that he was the wisest person in the city. The oracle was a turning point in his life. Instead of focusing on astronomical and physical studies, he began to concern himself with moral and political opinions: â€Å"this turn to the examination of opinions brought Socrates into conflict with the city as such, for his doubt of the worth of generally accepted opinions was also a challenge to the most authoritative opinions, those which concern the city’s gods and the city’s laws†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (18). The fact that Socrates knew he was the wisest and that he began to concern himself with philosophies of the city shows that he saw himself as the most important teacher in the city.

Marketing in the business world.

IntroductionWith competition so intense, many businesses is forced to find innovative ways to increase the quality and sales of their products, from manufacturing to inventory to marketing, using advance technology that is now readily available for anyone willing to adopt it. This is exactly why over the last few years’ information technology has taken a firm grasp and continues to gain momentum. The business world is competitive and everyday presents new and difficult challenges.   Companies must rely on the most effective marketing and sales strategy in order to remain in front of their competition.   In the business world, most companies nowadays use the web technology and Internet to ensure these goals are both surpassed and met. This paper discusses in detail the approach of companies to marketing in the business world.Marketing in the Business WorldIn the business world, effective marketing becomes increasingly tied up with the Internet and other electronic media, ma king the most of the Internet and other new technologies is important to a business success — from the brand image portrayed on its Web site to the development, maintenance and enhancement of customer relationships. In these increasingly uncertain and cynical times, marketing in the business world unpicks the challenges of e-marketing for many types of business.The Web is very information concentrated environment. Extensive amounts of information can be integrated, collected, presented, processed, and accessed through the Web by both consumers and marketers. Marketers now can track comprehensive information for all consumer interactions, not just select examples. On the other hand, soft market qualities, such as reliability and reputation, maybe more difficult to evaluate and gather.Consumers can increase more market information for criteria evaluation; however possible problems of information excess may increase recognised searching costs (Head et al. 2000). Marketers may pr ovide tools to facilitate consumer information collection, but may have to restructure their marketing strategies since competitors can also gather market information and match price differences.Peterson et al. (1997) argues that the Web will have major effect on communication, will influence transactions, but will have no effect on distribution unless the good is based on digital assets. Businesses, which consider the Web as a marketing instrument, primarily utilise it as a communication means to take advantage of its benefits in lower costs, personalisation, interactivity, digitisation, automation, and constant communication. Most businesses who do not currently sell their products/services through their web sites hold this view. Many businesses create their site to foster better communication and public relations. Consumers can obtain corporate information, and may be encouraged to subscribe to customised electronic flyers/newsletters.Mahajan and Wind (1989) explained that Web is a market discontinuity. Companies, which deal with the Web channel as a promising new marketplace that helps a complete range of interaction, may find that it co competes and -exists with traditional markets. New importance must be identified and valued by consumers to compete and participate with existing market channels. For instance, customers must value the ease and flexibility of using Web. Companies need to deal with market positions/boundaries to fit the new value with customers' needs, and look for proper business models in order to achieve these needs. Customer base will be new and existing groups with unique value principle, which may be difficult to attain through traditional channels.In addition to using the Web as a marketing tool and for information searching, consumers can increase their market power through high involvement in business processes and virtual communities. These are new Web-centered strategies, which are restricted in traditional markets by fixed physi cal assets and slow transfer of information (Werbach 2000). Some researchers have noted the commercial effects of Web groups (Kozinets 1999). Communication convenience allows consumers to form communities outside their traditional work or family groups.Such communities accumulate information or knowledge by learning from the experiences of individual community members. Information collection costs and times are often reduced for individuals within a community. Opinions from other consumers are often more valued than messages from marketers, especially in a Web market, where trust is critical and more difficult to build. Not only do groups have a strong effect on purchasers' decision-making, but they may also affect market variables such as products and prices.For example, stocks that capture the attention of participants in chat rooms can move noticeably in price (Bruce 1997). The Web, as an interactive marketplace, also gives the consumer data selection and personalisation power. C ustomers can select information of interest and personalise presentation forms for their own use. Personalized Web pages, which can be constructed fairly easily, increase customer power. Customers on the Web have greater control over what they view and examine. They can select their own path through the information network, process the data, or initiate communication with marketers.There is a general consensus that the industrial organisational impacts of using e-commerce as marketing tool will reflect two developments: 1) the expansion of relevant geographical markets, and 2) increased competition in those markets. The two changes are related (Globerman et al. 2001). However, E-commerce businesses are characterised by high market capitalisations, which are reflected in the perception of their business models by investors (Venkatraman 2000). Primarily, businesses in the Internet carry a 30% marketing budget in order to reach more customers.Specifically, as electronic commerce makes it less costly to identify beneficial transactions across a wider range of potential transactors, it should lead to an increased integration of markets that are currently segmented by high transactions costs across geographical space. In addition, geographically larger markets are ordinarily more contestable than smaller markets. In this perspective, one well-known international business professional stated that electronic commerce implies the end of borders and geography as industrial organisation constructs (Kobrin, 1995).Decision to include international buyers as part of the customer base for a business's Web site, changes must be made to the site in order to promote global consumers to buy products. Internationalising the Web site will aid in the attraction and retention of foreign users by allowing them easier access to the information and functions it presents in a standardised, more simplified manner.Most businesses lack the expertise and resources to create separate Web sit es along with the independent channels of marketing, distribution and production facilities needed for each target market they intend to enter. As a result, these businesses are expected to enter into the business world on a smaller scale, sticking to stages one and two when redesigning their Web sites with a global focus.ConclusionThe Internet has made an outstanding impact within its first decade of business use. Marketing professionals have been quick to realise the opportunities provided by the Internet. Particularly, they recognised that business could be improved by integrating the Internet with direct marketing practices such as database marketing. The challenge for information systems practitioners and professionals is to understand these opportunities with the accessible technologies in the relative constraints of an organisation.It is included that e-commerce which is driven by the exponential growth of the Web is the most common marketing practices taking advantage of the Web by utilising information technology to sell large quantities of products and to become more responsive to the individual. The role of the Internet, in particular, of the electronic commerce web sites, has been recognised as a marketing tool for attracting and maintaining customers.ReferenceBruce, C. (1997). Welcome to my parlor. Marketing Management, 5 (4), 11-24.Globerman, S., Roehl, T. and Standfird. (2001) Globalization and Electronic Commerce: Inferences from Retail Brokering. Journal of International Business Studies. Volume: 32. Issue: 4.Head, M., Archer, N.P., & Yuan, Y. (2000). World wide web navigation aid. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 53 (2), 301-330.Kobrin, S.J. 1995. Regional Integration in a Globally Networked Economy. Transnational Corporations, 4 (2): 15-33.Kozinets, R.V. (1999). E-tribalized marketing?: The strategic implications of virtual communities of consumption. European Management Journal, 17 (3), 252-264.Mahajan, V., & Wind, J. (1989) . Market discontinuities and strategic planning: A research agenda. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 36 (August), 185-199.Peterson, R., Balasubramanian, S., & Bronnenberg, B.J. (1997). Exploring the implications of the internet for consumer marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 25 (4), 329-346.Venkatraman, N. (2000) Five steps to a dot.com strategy: How to find your footing on the Web, Sloan Management Review, 41(3), 15-28.Werbach, K. (2000). Syndication: The emerging model for business in the Internet era. Harvard Business Review 78 (3), 85-93.